UC-NRLF 


VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

WITH  LESSONS  IN 

SPELLING,  LETTER  WRITING 
AND  BUSINESS  FORMS 


BY 


H.  D.  VINCENT,  A.M. 

Principal  of  School  Three,  and  Supervising 

Principal  in  the  Evening  Schools, 

Troy.N.Y. 


BOSTON  NEW  YORK  CHICAGO 

HOUGHTON  MIFFLIN  COMPANY 

fiitieusi&e  pre?? 


COPYRIGHT,   1914,  BY  H.   D.  VINCENT 
ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 


FOURTH   IMPRESSION 


1  «be  »toer*foe  $«** 

CAMBRIDGE  .  MASSACHUSETTS 
U  .   S  .  A 


PREFACE 

AFTER  several  years  of  experience  as  supervising  principal  in 
night-school  work,  where  he  has  faced  the  growing  tendency  to 
make  education  more  practical,  the  author  of  this  work  has  felt 
strongly  the  need  of  something  strictly  practical  in  arithmetic  and 
business  forms.  Moreover,  consultation  with  prominent  school 
men  has  proved  that  this  thought  is  shared  by  many  other  teach- 
ers. This  work  is  the  result  of  this  well-defined  need. 

It  was  intended  to  make  this  book  strictly  practical  in  every  sense 
of  the  word.  The  lessons  are  all  live  subjects  and  such  as  are  met 
with  in  everyday  life.  While  very  little  fraction  work  is  involved, 
it  is  believed  that  enough  is  used  for  the  daily  needs  of  life.  There  is 
some  work  in  percentage,  but  only  the  very  simplest  forms,  which, 
as  with  the  fraction  work,  are  sufficient  for  ordinary  purposes. 

The  author  is  indebted,  to  a  great  extent,  to  the  many  business 
men  who  have  so  kindly  given  the  data  with  which  to  form  many  of 
the  lessons.  In  fact,  the  work  was  made  possible  only  through  the 
kindness  of  these  persons,  as  there  is  very  little  subject-matter  of 
this  nature  in  print. 

It  is  not  claimed  that  the  figures  used  in  this  book  are  true  for 
every  locality.  The  student  must  realize  that  prices  fluctuate  from 
time  to  time  and  vary  in  different  localities.  However,  it  is  believed 
that  the  figures  used  will  represent  a  close  average. 

It  was  the  intention  that  no  subject  should  be  repeated.  It  is 
desired  to  make  the  work  interesting,  and  variety  lends  a  hand 
in  this  respect.  This  does  not  mean  that  one  lesson  is  enough 
to  exhaust  a  subject.  If  more  work  is  desired  in  any  one  subject,  it 
can  easily  be  arranged  from  the  data  given  in  that  particular  lesson. 
The  teacher  can  easily  formulate  a  dozen  problems  from  any  one  of 
these  lessons. 

417129 


4  ':  V       »V  :^!  *J  PREFACE 

/.  :  Wheja:th\s  ^ork  was  started  and  tested,  it  was  intended  for  night- 
school  work  exclusively.  The  reader  will  doubtless  know  that  the 
night-school  session  generally  lasts  two  hours,  and  the  course  covers 
about  seventy-five  nights.  To  some,  one  lesson  may  seem  short  for 
a  whole  evening;  but  the  author  feels  from  actual  experience  that 
a  whole  session  may  profitably  be  spent  on  one  subject.  However,  to 
provide  for  more  rapid  work,  the  text  has  been  extended  to  one  hun- 
dred lessons.  While  originally  intended  for  night  schools,  it  will 
also,  the  author  believes,  find  a  place  in  the  highest  grades  of  the 
grammar  school.  It  would  seem  that  a  year  or  a  half-year  spent  on 
this  work  by  any  class  would  be  invaluable. 

The  author  will  be  very  thankful  for  any  suggestions  or  criti- 
cisms relating  to  the  work. 

H.  D.  V. 

TROY,  N.Y. 

October,  1914. 


TO  TEACHERS 

THE  object  of  this  work  is  to  arouse  the  pupil's  interest  by  the 
use  of  material  derived  from  the  life  of  the  community.  It  is  quite 
true  that  books  are  but  helps.  So,  much  of  the  success  of  any  work 
of  this  nature  will  depend  upon  the  manner  in  which  it  is  handled 
by  the  teacher.  However,  it  is  believed  that,  with  a  copy  of  this  book 
in  the  hands  of  the  pupil,  the  work  will  be  made  both  interesting  and 
practical.  In  fact,  this  has  already  been  proved  to  be  the  case  in 
several  schools.  As  will  be  seen  by  the  arrangement  of  the  lessons, 
it  is  the  aim  to  take  up  the  work  in  regular  pedagogical  order.  The 
plan  of  procedure  suggested  is  as  follows : 

1.  The  questions  for  oral  answers  should  be  used  to  get  the  atr 
tention  of  the  pupil  at  the  outset.  Get  the  pupil  to  talk.  If  a  city, 
railroad,  or  anything  pertaining  to  commercial  geography  is  men- 
tioned, take  advantage  of  the  fact.  Draw  out  important  points  in 
connection  with  such  names. 

2.  Announce  the  subject  and  read  over  the  problem  with  the 
pupils.  Some  development  may  be  necessary  in  the  line  of  further 
oral  work.    Draw  out  as  much  as  possible  and  lead  the  pupils  to 
draw  conclusions  from  their  answers.    Follow  the  old  rule  of  pro- 
ceeding from  the  known  to  the  related  unknown. 

3.  With  this  preparation,  the  pupil  should  be  in  the  right  mood 
to  take  up  the  problem  successfully  and  apply  himself  to  the  work. 
Good  form  in  writing  the  solution  is  very  essential,  and  this  will 
require  much  individual  help. 

Since  it  is  desired  to  correlate  spelling,  language,  and  writing  with 
the  arithmetic,  the  pupil  may  well  take  up  the  spelling  and  business 
forms  in  the  latter  part  of  the  lesson,  applying  the  words  by  using 


6  TO  TEACHERS 

them  in  appropriate  sentences.  Neatness  and  accuracy  are  very 
essential  in  the  business  forms.  Secure  samples  of  business  forms 
whenever  possible. 

4.  Similar  business  problems  may  be  given  if  there  is  time.  The 
teacher  or  the  student  may  easily  construct  problems  similar  to  the 
$ne  in  the  lesson,  for  further  drill. 


CONTENTS 

LESSON  PAGE 

1.  CARRIAGE  PAINTING 11 

2.  HARNESS  MAKING 12 

3.  HORSESHOEING 13 

4.  WAGON  MAKING 14 

5.  AUTOMOBILE  OVERHAULING 15 

6.  STEAM  VULCANIZING 16 

7.  LIVERY  BUSINESS 17 

8.  GARAGE  BUSINESS 18 

9.  AUTOMOBILE  DEALING 19 

10.  BICYCLE  DEALING 20 

11.  EXPRESS  BUSINESS 21 

12.  BARBER  BUSINESS 22 

13.  SHOE  SHINING 23 

14.  THE  CHINESE  LAUNDRY 24 

15.  GROCERY  TRADE 25 

16.  BUTCHERING 26 

17.  ICE  BUSINESS 27 

18.  SPRING  WATER  INDUSTRY 28 

19.  HOTEL  BUSINESS 29 

20.  THE  RESTAURANT 30 

21.  GARBAGE  COLLECTING 31 

22.  CONSTRUCTION  WORK 32 

23.  ROAD  BUILDING 33 

24.  STONE  QUARRYING 34 

25.  COAL  MINING 35 

26.  COAL  DEALING  36 


8  CONTENTS 

LESSON  PAGE 

27.  OIL  TRADE 37 

28.  SHIRT  INDUSTRY 38 

29.  COLLAR  INDUSTRY 39 

30.  CLOTHING  STORE 40 

31.  SHOE  TRADE 41 

32.  CABINET  MAKING 42 

33.  WOOD  SAWING 43 

34.  SAWMILLING 44 

35.  CORDWOOD  INDUSTRY 45 

36.  LUMBER  INDUSTRY 46 

37.  CORN  HUSKING 47 

38.  STEAM  THRESHING 48 

39.  HAY  PRESSING 49 

40.  FEED  INDUSTRY 50 

41.  MILK  INDUSTRY 51 

42.  CHEESE  MAKING 52 

43.  BREAD  MAKING 53 

44.  FARMING 54 

45.  MAPLE  SYRUP  INDUSTRY 55 

46.  TRUCK  GARDENING 56 

47.  WHEAT  RAISING 57 

48.  CORN  RAISING 58 

49.  POTATO  RAISING 59 

50.  SUGAR  BEET  INDUSTRY 60 

51.  STRAWBERRY  RAISING 61 

52.  TEA  RAISING 62 

53.  COFFEE  RAISING .    .  63 

54.  FRUIT  GROWING 64 

55.  RICE  GROWING 65 

56.  PEANUT  RAISING 66 

57.  POULTRY  INDUSTRY  .  67 


CONTENTS  9 

LESSON  PAGE 

58.  OYSTER  INDUSTRY 68 

59.  SHEEP  RAISING 69 

60.  HOG  RAISING 70 

61.  STOCK  RAISING 71 

62.  COTTON  RAISING 72 

63.  SILK  INDUSTRY 73 

64.  RUBBER  INDUSTRY 74 

65.  PHOTOGRAPHY 75 

66.  DENTISTRY 76 

67.  THE  DOCTOR 77 

68.  THE  MUSICIAN 78 

69.  VALUE  OF  A  SCHOOL  DAY 79 

70.  SCHOOL  WOODWORKING 80 

71.  SCHOOL  GARDENING 81 

72.  PURCHASE  OF  A  SCHOOL  VICTROLA 82 

73.  THE  ATHLETIC  LEAGUE 83 

74.  ELSON  PICTURE  EXHIBITION • 84 

75.  SECURING  A  SCHOOL  POSITION 85 

76.  SCHOOL  FINANCING 86 

77.  COLLEGE  FINANCING 87 

78.  CHURCH  FINANCING 88 

79.  BARN  BUILDING 89 

80.  HOUSE  BUILDING 90 

81.  CONCRETE  AND  BRICK  WORK 91 

82.  STEEL  ROOFING 92 

83.  PLUMBING 93 

84.  HOUSE  LIGHTING 94 

85.  HOUSE  HEATING 95 

86.  PAPERING >*    ...  96 

87.  HOUSE  FURNISHING ,.  97 

88.  LANDSCAPE  GARDENING  98 


10  CONTENTS 

LESSON  PAGE 

89.  LIVING  EXPENSES 99 

90.  THE  BANQUET 100 

91.  THE  RECEPTION 101 

92.  MOTORING 102 

93.  AUTOMOBILE  EXPENSES 103 

94.  INSURANCE 104 

95.  REAL  ESTATE  DEALING 105 

96.  MOVING  PICTURES 106 

97.  STREET  CARS 107 

98.  THE  AUTOBUS 108 

99.  ITINERARY 109 

100.  THE  EXCURSION 110 

SPECIMENS  OF  LETTER  WRITING  AND  BUSINESS  FORMS  .    .111 
ANSWERS   ,  .  125 


CARRIAGE  PAINTING  11 

Lesson  i.  Carriage  Painting 

State  two  reasons  for  painting  wagons.  What  are  the  most 
common  colors  found  on  wagons?  Locate  Providence  and  tell  one 
important  fact  about  the  city.  What  is  a  company? 

A  carriage  painter,  Mr.  A.  B.  Jones,  agreed  to  paint  a 
wagon  for  Mr.  John  Snell,  doing  a  first  class  job  for  $16.  The 
painter  bought  his  paint  of  Woodward  &  Co.,  Providence, 
R.I.  He  bought  one  box  of  drop  black,  Valentine's  brand, 
at  40^;  one  box  of  roadcart  red  at  75^;  two  pounds  of  white 
lead  at  8£  a  pound;  one  pound  of  body  filler  at  18^;  one  quart 
of  turpentine  at  80 j£  a  gallon;  one  pint  of  boiled  linseed  oil 
at  80 j£  a  gallon;  one  pint  of  rubbing  varnish  at  $2  a  gallon; 
one  dozen  sheets  of  sandpaper  at  one  cent  each;  one  pint  of 
gear  varnish  at  $4  a  gallon;  one  pint  of  West's  top  dressing 
at  $1  a  quart;  one  striping  brush  at  10^;  and  one  varnish 
brush  at  49  j£. 

The  time  required  for  doing  the  work  was  four  days  of 
eight  hours  each,  actual  labor.  Find  how  much  the  painter 
realized  for  his  work.  How  much  did  he  receive  a  day? 
How  much  an  hour? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING* 

carriage          linseed  dressing          labor  telephone 

painter  varnish          actual  assuming          sandpaper 

boiled  striping          required          probably          turpentine 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  the  bill  as  sent  to  the  painter  from  Woodward  &  Co. 

2.  Write  a  thirty-day  note  as  the  painter  would  give  it  in  settle- 
ment for  the  supplies. 

3.  Assume  that  you  had  the  wagon  painted.  Write  to  the  painter 
to  find  out  how  soon  the  wagon  will  be  ready  for  delivery. 

4.  Write  the  probable  reply  from  the  painter. 

1  See  the  suggestions  "  To  Teachers,"  page  5. 


12  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  2.  Harness  Making 

What  determines  the  size  of  a  harness?  Name  some  parts  of  a 
harness.  Give  reasons  why  leather  is  used  for  making  harness. 
Name  some  other  uses  of  leather.  Tell  how  we  get  leather. 

A  harness  maker,  Mr.  Fred  Smith,  received  an  order  for 
one  heavy  double  farm  harness,  size  two  inch  (2  in.  trace). 
He  agreed  to  build  the  harness  of  first  class  material  for  $60. 
Accordingly,  the  following  material  was  bought  of  W.  D. 
O'Brien,  Detroit,  Mich.:  one  set  of  hames  (two  pairs),  at 
$1.50  a  pair;  one  pair  of  heavy  scotch  collars  at  $5  each; 
4  blinders  at  25^  each;  trimmings,  consisting  of  brass  buckles, 
snaps,  bits,  rosettes,  headfronts,  ink,  wax,  thread,  and  edge- 
filler,  to  the  amount  of  $4.40.  Two  sides  of  first  grade,  oak 
tanned  leather,  each  weighing  twenty  pounds  at  44^  a  pound, 
were  bought  of  Barnard  Brothers,  Rome,  N.Y.  Freight  and 
cartage  amounted  to  $1.  The  harness  maker  worked  ten 
days  of  eight  hours  each  in  making  the  harness.  He  sold 
10  Ib.  of  scrap  leather  at  20^  a  pound  from  the  above  stock. 
Find  how  much  he  realized  for  making  the  harness.  How 
much  a  day?  How  much  an  hour? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

harness          material          blinders  rosettes  weighing 

leather          hames  trimmings          edgefiller          scrap 

double  collars  buckles  tanned  realized 

BUSINESS   EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  the  bill  for  the  leather  bought  of  Barnard  Brothers. 

2.  Write  the  order  for  the  goods  bought  of  W.  D.  O'Brien. 

3.  Supplying  a  local  name,  write  a  letter  to  the  customer,  telling 
him  the  harness  is  ready  for  delivery. 

4.  Make  out  the  check  to  pay  for  the  harness. 


HORSESHOEING  13 

Lesson  3.  Horseshoeing 

How  many  nails  should  there  be  in  a  horseshoe?  Why  must 
horses  wear  shoes?  What  is  the  use  of  sharp  calks?  Name  a  city 
noted  for  the  manufacture  of  horseshoes.  What  are  some  of  the 
common  things  seen  in  a  blacksmith  shop? 

Mr.  R.  Jenks  pays  $25  a  month  for  the  use  of  a  blacksmith 
shop.  He  hires  a  horseshoer  to  help  do  the  work,  paying  him 
40  f£  an  hour.  The  average  time  the  shop  is  in  operation  is 
twenty-six  days  per  month,  and  the  day  consists  of  eight 
hours.  The  blacksmith  confines  his  efforts  solely  to  horse- 
shoeing. The  price  for  shoeing  is  $1.50  a  set  for  new  shoes, 
and  80 ff  a  set  for  sharpening  calks.  From  October  1  to 
April  1  following,  the  average  daily  work  done  was  seven 
sets  of  new  shoes  and  five  sets  sharpened.  The  shoes  cost 
the  blacksmith  6^  a  pound,  and  the  nails  cost  10^  a  pound. 
The  weight  of  the  shoes  averaged  2  Ib.  each,  and  it  required 
one  half  pound  of  nails  to  shoe  a  horse.  The  cost  for  soft 
coal  was  $4  a  month. 

From  the  above  data,  find  the  blacksmith's  net  income  for 
the  time  specified. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

blacksmith         consists          solely  calks  hardware 

horseshoe  confines          shoeing         requires  material 

sharpening          efforts  income          specified          operation 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Using  the  name  of  a  local  hardware  dealer,  make  out  an  order 
for  the  material  to  shoe  twenty  horses.   (Disregard  the  coal.) 

2.  Make  out  a  check  to  pay  the  horseshoer,  Mr.  Thomas  Karr, 
for  one  week. 

3.  Assume  that  a  local  coal  dealer  has  delivered  1500  pounds  of 
coal  at  $8  a  ton.  Make  out  the  bill  to  the  blacksmith. 


14  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  4.  Wagon  Making 

What  determines  the  size  of  a  wagon?  Name  several  different 
kinds  of  wagons.  Name  different  parts  of  a  wagon.  State  some 
advantages  of  a  hand-made  wagon  over  one  made  by  machinery. 

Mr.  Lewis  Cole  ordered  a  market  wagon  (size  of  axle, 
inch  and  one  half;  capacity,  2000  Ib.)  of  a  local  wagon  maker. 
The  price  of  the  wagon  was  to  be  $125.  The  lumber  was 
bought  of  a  local  lumber  dealer.  It  took  100  ft.  of  white 
wood  at  9f£  a  foot  for  the  body.  For  the  gear,  it  took  30  ft. 
of  hickory  and  white  oak  together,  at  10^  a  foot.  The  wheels 
were  bought  of  Wood  &  Co.,  East  on,  Md.,  at  $16  for  the 
set.  The  iron  was  bought  of  Hannibal  Green's  Son  &  Co., 
Rockville,  Del.  The  following  was  required:  2  Concord 
axles  at  $3  each;  one  spring  weighing  40  ib.  at  8^  a 
pound;  2  springs  each  weighing  30  Ib.  at  8^  a  pound;  4  tires, 
inch  and  one  half  by  three  eighths,  each  weighing  18  Ib.,  at 
3Jj£  a  pound;  125  Ib.  of  Burden's  bar  iron  at  4^  a  pound; 
one  full  circle  at  $2.25;  shaft  couplings,  75^;  150  bolts  at  2j£ 
each.  Cartage  amounted  to  $3.  The  painting  cost  $15.  It 
took  the  wagon  maker  18  days  to  build  the  wagon.  Find  how 
much  he  received  for  his  labor.  How  much  was  that  a  day? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

determines        market         hickory        weighing        wagon  maker 
advantages       capacity       circle  couplings       received 

machinery         gear  several         painting        mentioned 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  a  bill  for  the  iron. 

2.  Mr.  Cole,  who  bought  the  wagon,  gave  his  note  for  the 
amount.  Write  the  note,  making  it  payable  in  six  months,  with 
use. 

3.  Make  out  orders  for  the  material  to  build  two  wagons  like  the 
one  mentioned  above. 


AUTOMOBILE  OVERHAULING  15 

Lesson  5.  Automobile  Overhauling 

What  is  the  use  of  a  magneto?  What  is  the  use  of  a  carbu- 
retor? Why  should  an  automobile  need  overhauling?  Is  it  pos- 
sible to  make  an  old  car  practically  as  good  as  new?  About  how 
many  miles  do  you  think  a  new  tire  should  run? 

Mr.  J.  Walsh,  having  run  his  automobile  two  seasons,  de- 
cided to  have  it  thoroughly  overhauled,  repaired,  and  painted. 
The  Wilbur  Auto  Company  made  a  job  price  of  $225;  or, 
they  offered  to  do  the  work,  charging  the  usual  price  for  each 
item.  Supplies  were  to  be  furnished  at  list  price  less  a 
small  discount  for  cash.  The  owner  chose  the  latter  prop- 
osition. 

The  following  was  needed  to  put  the  car  in  first  class  order: 
a  new  K.W.  magneto  listed  at  $15  less  10  per  cent;  a  new 
Holley  carburetor  listed  at  $9  less  10  per  cent ;  4  tires,  32  in. 
by  3|  in.,  listed  at  $16.75  each,  with  5  per  cent  off  for  cash; 
4  inner  tubes  at  $4  each,  net;  other  extras,  such  as  bearings, 
clutch  parts,  gears,  piston  rings,  etc.,  $46;  painting,  $36;  60 
hours  of  labor  at  60^  an  hour.  Did  the  owner  gain  or  lose, 
and  how  much,  by  having  the  work  done  this  way? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

carburetor          practically        supplies          latter  magneto 

overhauling         decides  discount         listed  piston 

proposition         repaired  possible          clutch          itemized 

BUSINESS   EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  a  complete  itemized  bill  for  the  overhauling. 

2.  Write  an  order  to  the  K.  W.  Ignition  Company,  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  for  the  magneto. 

3.  Assume  that  the  magneto  was  very  satisfactory.   Write  a 
recommendation  for  the  K.  W.  Company  to  use  in  their  catalogue. 

4.  Write  to  the  company  repairing  the  car,  asking  when  the  car 
will  be  ready  for  use. 


16  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  6.  Steam  Vulcanizing 

What  use  is  made  of  old  automobile  tires?  What  material  is 
found  in  tires?  State  conditions  detrimental  to  automobile  tires. 

The  price  for  vulcanizing  tires  at  the  Troy  Steam  Vulcan- 
izing Works,  Troy,  N.Y.,  is  as  follows:  six-inch  sections,  $1 
an  inch  for  each  inch  in  diameter  of  the  tire  and  50^  for  each 
additional  inch  in  length  above  six  inches.  The  price  for 
punctures  is  50^;  blowouts,  75  j£. 

The  cost  for  rent  is  $35  a  month,  and  for  gas  50^  a  week. 
Two  tons  of  coal  are  burned  each  month  at  $7  a  ton.  One 
expert  man  is  paid  $22  a  week,  and  the  manager's  services 
are  worth  $35  a  week.  Crude  rubber  and  fabric  are  bought 
of  the  Fisk  Company,  Chicopee,  Mass.,  the  price  of  rubber 
being  $1.45  a  pound  and  of  fabric  $1.22  a  pound.  The  av- 
erage cost  per  month  for  gasoline,  ether,  and  sulphur  is  $5. 

The  average  work  done  each  day  for  a  month  of  twenty- 
four  working  days  was  as  follows:  two  six-inch  sections  on  a 
three-inch  tire,  one  eight-inch  section  on  a  four-inch  tire, 
four  punctures,  and  four  blowouts.  During  the  month,  8  Ib. 
of  crude  rubber  and  5  ft),  of  fabric  were  used.  What  was  the 
Company's  profit  for  the  month? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

vulcanizing          punctures        crude         Chicopee         sulphur 
sections  expert  fabric         gasoline  workman 

additional  manager          ether  services  diameter 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  a  letter  to  the  Fisk  Company,  ordering  the  fabric  and 
rubber  needed  during  the  month  of  March. 

2.  Write  an  advertisement  for  a  man  to  act  as  expert  workman 
in  the  vulcanizing  works. 

3.  Mr.  James  Myers,  Rome,  N.Y.,  had  an  eight-inch  section 
repaired  on  a  four-inch  tire.   Make  out  the  bill. 


LIVERY  BUSINESS  17 

Lesson  7.  Livery  Business 

What  is  a  livery?  On  what  special  occasions  is  there  a  demand 
for  livery  horses  and  drivers?  State  some  important  duties  of  a 
driver. 

Mr.  George  Smith,  starting  the  livery  business,  bought 
the  following  outfit:  two  coaches  at  $1000  each;  four  horses 
at  $250  each;  one  two-seated  carriage  at  $200;  two  road 
wagons  at  $100  each;  two  sets  of  coach  harness  at  $80  each; 
two  sets  of  single  harness  at  $30  each;  blankets,  whips,  robes, 
etc.,  $37;  uniforms  for  two  drivers  at  $20  each;  two  hats  at 
$4  each,  and  two  rubber  coats  at  $6  each.  The  two  drivers 
each  receive  $12  a  week,  and  it  costs  $3.50  a  week  to  feed 
each  horse.  Stable  rent  amounts  to  $3  a  week.  Insurance  is 
carried  to  the  amount  of  $3000  at  the  rate  of  2-^%  for  three 
years. 

If  the  average  daily  work  done  by  one  team  is  $5.50  and 
the  other  two  horses  earn  on  the  average  $3  a  day  each, 
what  is  the  profit  for  365  days?  How  long  will  it  take  the 
business  to  pay  for  the  outfit? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

livery  drivers  coaches  robes  important 

special  rent  carriage  stable  insurance 

occasions  duties  harness  daily  carried 

demand  starting  blankets  outfit  uniforms 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Mr.  C.  Abrams  hired  two  coaches  from  one  o'clock  until 
half  past  four.  Considering  the  price  for  a  coach  with  driver  $1.50 
for  the  first  hour  and  $1  for  each  additional  hour  or  fraction  thereof, 
make  out  the  bill. 

2.  Assume  that  a  coachman  is  wanted.   Advertise  for  the  same. 

3.  Write  a  check  to  pay  a  local  blacksmith  for  shoeing  the 
horses  for  four  weeks. 


18  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  8.  Garage  Business 

Why  must  the  garage  be  warm?  State  two  reasons  for  having  a 
night  watchman.  Would  you  put  water  on  burning  gasoline?  Why? 

The  proprietor  of  a  local  garage  pays  $100  a  month  as  rent 
and  employs  a  floor  manager  each  day  in  the  month  at  $3  a 
day.  A  night  watchman  is  employed  at  $1.50  a  night.  Gaso- 
line and  oil  are  sold  every  day  in  the  month.  The  other  busi- 
ness is  based  on  the  actual  working  days,  for  which  the  fol- 
lowing expenses  are  incurred :  two  machinists  at  $4.50  a  day 
each;  one  bookkeeper  at  $2  a  day;  a  superintendent  at  $5 
a  working  day.  Two  tons  of  coal  are  consumed  each  month. 
This  costs  $7  a  ton.  The  cost  for  insurance  is  $10  a  month. 
Lighting  costs  $10  a  month.  The  profits  derived  are  as  fol- 
lows: on  gasoline,  200  gal.  daily  at  2j£  a  gallon;  from  oil,  10 
gal.  daily,  costing  30j£  a  gallon  and  sold  at  15^  a  quart;  re- 
ceipts for  machine  and  other  work  done,  $12  a  day;  profits 
on  supplies,  $15  a  day;  on  storage,  five  cars  at  $5  a  month, 
ten  cars  at  $10  a  month,  and  a  daily  average  of  $2  a  night 
for  transient  cars. 

From  the  above  data,  determine  the  net  profits  for  the 
month  of  January,  counting  five  Sundays. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

local  incurred          watchman          supplies          determine 

actual  employs          machinist  storage  garage 

based  manager          insurance  transient        derived 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  During  a  month,  a  man's  bill  for  storage  was  $5,  and  he  had 
20  gal.  of  gasoline  and  4  qt.  of  oil.   Supply  the  names  and  make 
out  the  bill. 

2.  Write  a  receipt  for  the  payment  of  the  above  bill. 

3.  Write  to  engage  storage  for  a  small  car  at  a  local  garage. 

4.  Apply  by  letter  for  a  position  as  night  watchman  in  a  garage. 


AUTOMOBILE  DEALING  19 

Lesson  9.  Automobile  Dealing 

Give  the  names  of  some  well-known  automobiles.  What  can  you 
say  of  the  prices  of  automobiles?  Is  the  price  going  up  or  down  and 
why?  Why  should  the  price  of  gasoline  advance? 

Mr.  J.  C.  DeBaun,  Denver,  Col.,  signed  an  agreement 
February  1  with  the  Metz  Company,  Waltham,  Mass.,  to 
sell  automobiles  until  September  1  following.  The  agree- 
ment called  for  the  sale  of  two  cars  a  month  during  the  term 
of  agreement.  The  automobiles  were  listed  at  $475  each 
with  a  trade  discount  to  dealers  of  $100  on  a  car. 

Let  us  assume  that  the  cost  for  delivery  was  $25  a  car, 
and  for  a  dealer's  license,  $15.  Mr.  DeBaun  paid  $30  for  a 
stall  at  a  local  Automobile  Show.  Advertising  cost  $20.  A 
car  was  kept  for  demonstrating  purposes,  and  at  the  close  of 
the  season  it  was  sold  for  $275.  The  cost  for  tires,  gasoline, 
and  oil  was  $70.  All  cars  except  the  demonstrator  were  sold 
at  the  list  price. 

From  the  above  data,  find  the  profits  from  the  business. 
How  much  a  month? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

agreement          term  advertising  license        discount 

Waltham  listed  demonstrating       deposit       season 

automobile         delivery       purposes  except        advance 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  a  brief  form  for  a  poster  advertising  the  Metz  Automo- 
bile. 

2.  Assume  that  Mr.  DeBaun  took  a  second-hand  automobile  in 
trade.  Advertise  it. 

3.  Write  an  order  to  the  Metz  Company  for  two  cars,  enclosing 
the  usual  deposit  of  $150  on  a  car. 


20  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  10.  Bicycle  Dealing 

State  reasons  why  bicycles  are  not  used  so  extensively  as  they 
were  some  years  ago.  What  is  a  motorcycle?  What  is  a  cyclecar? 
Distinguish  between  freight  and  express  shipments. 

A  bicycle  dealer,  Mr.  J.  Hager,  paid  $50  a  month  for  a 
show  room.  His  stock  of  goods  consisted  of  bicycles  listed 
at  $25,  $35,  $45,  and  $60,  respectively.  He  allowed  customers 
a  cash  discount  of  8  per  cent  on  each  grade,  after  which  he 
made  a  gross  profit  of  25  per  cent  on  the  price  received  for 
each  bicycle.  The  bicycles  were  shipped  to  the  dealer  by 
freight,  in  crates  of  ten  in  a  case,  at  a  cost  to  the  dealer  of  $5 
a  crate.  He  began  business  April  1  and  closed  out  his  goods 
on  the  first  day  of  October.  The  average  number  of  sales 
made  was  24  bicycles  a  month,  one  half  of  which  were  of  the 
cheapest  grade.  The  remainder  sold  consisted  of  an  equal 
number  of  each  of  the  other  three  grades.  The  expense  for 
gas  was  $1  a  month.  The  dealer  employed  no  help.  Find 
how  much  he  actually  cleared  during  the  season. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

reasons         season          cyclecar  consisted  customers 

bicycles        discount        distinguish        extensively         cheapest 
freight          dealer  shipments         motorcycle         employed 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  The  dealer  wishes  to  advertise  his  business  in  a  local  paper. 
Write  a  suitable  form  for  the  same. 

2.  Assume  that  you  have  decided  to  buy  a  bicycle,  but  have 
not  decided  what  grade  you  wish  to  buy.    Write  to  the  dealer  for 
advice  in  the  matter. 

3.  Assume  that  your  bicycle  was  stolen.    Write  a  newspaper 
notice  offering  a  reward  for  the  return  of  the  property. 

4.  Make  out  a  bill  for  the  above  advertisement 


EXPRESS  BUSINESS  21 

Lesson  u.  Express  Business 

Mention  some  sources  of  income  to  an  expressman.  Name  some 
of  an  expressman's  items  of  expense.  What  advantage  has  the  auto 
express  over  the  one  drawn  by  horses?  State  some  disadvantages 
of  the  auto  express. 

In  establishing  an  express  business,  a  man  incurred  the 
following  expenses  for:  2  horses,  $250;  2  sets  of  harness,  $60; 
2  wagons,  $150;  incidentals,  $40.  He  started  business  April 
1  and  sold  out  January  1,  following.  While  in  business,  he 
hired  two  drivers,  paying  them  each  $12  a  week.  It  cost  $7 
a  week  to  feed  the  horses.  Shoeing  and  wagon  repairs 
amounted  to  $3  a  month.  The  rent  for  a  barn  was  $5  a 
month.  The  wagons  were  run  twenty-six  days  each  month. 
One  man  took  in  $5.50  a  day  each  day,  while  the  other  man 
took  in  only  seven  elevenths  as  much.  When  the  owner  sold 
out,  he  received  $475  for  the  entire  business  and  equipment. 
Find  how  much  he  made  in  the  transaction. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

establishing        mention        expressman        shoeing       advantage 
equipment          sources         promissory        items          entire 
transaction         incurred        settlement         repairs       deposited 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Assume  that  you  are  the  expressman.  Make  out  a  promissory 
ninety-day  note  to  J.  W.  Tuttle  in  settlement  for  the  equipment. 

2.  Assume  that  John  Smith  bought  the  outfit  of  you,  paying 
$200  in  cash  and  giving  his  note  for  the  balance.    Make  out  the 
note. 

3.  Write  a  letter  to  your  bank,  enclosing  the  $200  to  be  deposited 
on  your  account. 

4.  Write  a  letter  from  the  bank  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  the 
money  sent  by  you. 


22  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  12.  Barber  Business 

Describe  the  method  of  shaving.  About  how  long  does  it  take 
for  one  shave?  When  would  you  expect  to  find  the  barber  shops 
closed?  Name  several  articles  used  in  a  barber  shop. 

Mr.  C.  B.  Story  is  a  barber  who  can  command  $17  a  week; 
but  he  wished  to  go  into  business  for  himself.  Accordingly, 
he  rented  a  barber  shop,  furnished,  at  $15  a  week.  He 
bought  the  following  supplies  for  the  first  month :  bay  rum, 
$4;  witch  hazel,  $3;  shaving  soap,  $2;  razors,  $6.  The  laun- 
dry bill  for  the  month  was  $10.  Gas  cost  $6.  He  paid  a  bar- 
ber $14  a  week. 

The  average  daily  work  done  by  the  men  was  as  follows: 
by  the  proprietor,  14  shaves  at  15^  each,  6  haircuts  at  25^ 
each,  and  4  razors  honed  at  25  j£  each;  by  the  employee, 
20  shaves  at  15^  each,  and  6  haircuts  at  25^  each. 

From  the  above  data,  find  the  proprietor's  net  income  for 
the  month,  counting  four  full  weeks.  How  much  is  that  a 
week?  How  much  a  day?  How  much  did  the  proprietor  gain 
a  week  by  running  the  shop?  How  much  a  day? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

describe  method  shaving          articles          command 

business  furnished          supplies          razors  laundry 

proprietor         honed  income  expect  employee 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Supplying  common  names,  make  out  a  bill  for  the  supplies. 

2.  Make  out  a  check  to  pay  the  barber,  Mr.  D.  Patnaude,  for  a 
week. 

3.  Write  a  letter  to  L.  Holzhauer,  Peoria,  111.,  ordering  supplies 
to  the  amount  of  eight  dollars. 

4.  Advertise  for  a  man  to  learn  the  barber's  trade. 


SHOE  SHINING  23 

Lesson  13.   Shoe  Shining 

If  the  proprietor  of  a  business  receives  a  salary  as  manager,  is 
there  any  advantage  in  running  a  business  simply  to  pay  expenses? 
Is  it  necessary  to  have  educational  training  in  order  to  work  at 
shining  shoes?  What  are  some  of  the  duties  of  a  proprietor  of  a 
business? 

The  rent  paid  by  a  local  shoe-shining  establishment  is 
$2000  a  year.  The  manager,  who  is  an  expert  workman,  re- 
ceives $28  a  week.  Two  helpers  are  employed,  and  each 
receives  $14  a  week.  The  expense  for  gas  amounts  to  $14 
a  month.  The  average  amount  expended  for  supplies  is  $1  a 
week. 

The  price  for  shining  shoes  is  five  cents;  and  for  cleaning 
hats,  ten  cents.  The  average  amount  of  work  done  daily  for 
the  year  is  320  shines,  and  10  hats  cleaned.  Find  how  much 
more  than  expenses  the  business  paid  for  the  year.  If  the 
price  for  a  shine  had  been  ten  cents  and  the  average  had  been 
150  shines  a  day,  what  would  have  been  the  result? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

rent  manager         proprietor        result  expenses 

helpers        average          advantage       workman       educational 
expert         business         training  supplies         establishment 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  a  check  to  pay  the  rent  for  one  month.    Use  local 
names. 

2.  Write  an  advertisement  for  a  helper  wanted  in  some  shoe-shin- 
iog  parlor. 

3.  Answer  the  above  advertisement.  Supply  names. 

4.  Supplying  the  necessary  names,  write  a  recommendation  for 
some  boy  looking  for  work. 


24  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  14.  The  Chinese  Laundry 

How  does  a  Chinese  laundry  differ  from  a  steam  laundry?  Why 
can  the  Chinaman  do  his  work  more  cheaply  than  the  steam 
laundryman?  Account  for  the  fact  that  the  Chinaman  takes  up  the 
laundry  business,  generally,  rather  than  other  work.  What  is  a 
"  wet  wash  "? 

According  to  the  statements  of  a  certain  Chinaman,  on 
some  days  he  launders  10  shirts,  other  days  15,  and  on  some 
days  as  many  as  20.  Likewise,  the  work  done  on  collars 
varies.  On  some  days  he  will  launder  100,  other  days  150, 
and  on  some  days  as  many  as  200.  The  prices  for  laundering 
are  2^  each  for  collars  and  10 £  each  for  shirts.  Moreover,  the 
income  from  other  work  amounts,  on  the  average,  to  15  per 
cent  of  that  for  collars  and  shirts.  His  rent  costs  $10  a  month. 
Some  of  his  washings  are  sent  out  to  a  wet  wash.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  the  cost  for  this  and  incidentals  such  as  gas, 
soap,  starch,  etc.,  is  10  per  cent  of  the  money  taken  in  for 
work.  The  Chinaman  lives  in  his  laundry  apartments,  and 
his  living  costs  him  only  $2.25  a  week.  From  the  above  data, 
estimate  the  Chinaman's  net  profits  for  a  year  of  fifty-two 
full  weeks. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

Chinese       laundry         account         statements          launders 
varies  income          washings       estimated  incidentals 

profits          data  starch  description         apartments 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Counting  twenty-six  days  to  the  month,  make  out  a  monthly 
statement  to  show  the  proceeds  of  the  above  business. 

2.  Write  a  description  of  a  Chinese  laundry. 

3.  Assume  that  a  man  had  four  collars  and  two  shirts  done  each 
week  during  the  month  of  February.  Omitting  the  bill  heading,  put 
the  items  for  the  month  into  the  form  of  a  bill. 


GROCERY  TRADE  25 

Lesson  15.  Grocery  Trade 

Name  several  very  common  articles  sold  at  a  grocery  store. 
Name  different  kinds  of  stores.  Name  two  you  consider  most  im- 
portant to  mankind  and  give  reasons  for  your  answer.  Name  some 
necessary  requirements  of  a  successful  clerk. 

A  grocer  marks  his  goods  so  as  to  make  the  following  prof- 
its on  the  amount  received  for  goods :  tea  and  coffee,  40  per 
cent;  canned  goods  and  other  common  articles,  20  per  cent; 
fruits  and  vegetables,  30  per  cent;  butter  and  eggs,  15  per 
cent;  sugar  costing  $4.30  a  hundredweight  is  sold  at  4jf£  a 
pound. 

The  average  amount  of  goods  sold  each  day  is  as  follows: 
80  Ib.  of  coffee  at  30^  a  pound  and  40  Ib.  of  tea  at  35^  a 
pound.  The  amount  taken  in  at  the  counter  for  canned  goods 
and  other  common  articles  averages  $85  a  day.  The  receipts 
for  fruits  and  vegetables  are  $60  a  day.  The  price  for  butter 
is  30^  a  pound  and  for  eggs  25£  a  dozen.  The  average  amount 
of  butter  sold  daily  is  120  Ib.,  and  the  amount  of  eggs  is  60 
doz.  The  average  amount  of  sugar  sold  daily  is  400  Ib.  Find 
the  profits  from  the  sale  of  goods  for  a  week  of  six  days. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

settlement         consider         mankind         reason  coffee 

vegetables         counter  receipts  naturally         customer 

demanding        grocery          applying         position          promised 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  a  bill  for  groceries,  as  a  grocer  would  naturally  make 
it  out.  Supply  names. 

2.  Assume  that  a  customer  has  not  paid  a  grocery  bill,  as  he 
promised.    Write  a  letter  to  the  customer  demanding  a  settlement. 

3.  Write  a  letter  applying  for  a  position  as  clerk  in  a  local  grocery 
store. 


26  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  16.  Butchering 

Name  some  of  the  different  kinds  of  meat  seen  in  a  meat  market. 
Name  a  city  noted  for  supplying  much  dressed  beef.  Where  is  it? 
Are  there  any  substitutes  for  meat?  Give  some  idea  of  the  prices 
of  some  kinds  of  meat. 

Mr.  B.  Chase,  a  butcher,  started  business  with  $1000  in  a 
local  bank.  He  bought  three  horses  at  $175  each;  a  wagon 
for  $100;  a  harness  for  $60;  and  meat  tools  for  $48.  He  owns 
a  small  farm  and  has  no  rent  to  pay. 

The  butcher  began  business  April  1,  buying  ten  calves 
live  weight,  the  average  weight  being  125  Ib.  each,  at  10^  a 
pound.  When  dressed,  the  calves  averaged  90  ft),  each;  and 
he  sold  them  at  16^  a  pound  by  the  carcass.  Next,  he 
bought  40  lambs,  averaging  90  Ib.  each,  at  $6  apiece.  The 
lambs  dressed  away  just  one  half.  He  sold  them  at  16^  a 
pound,  dressed.  He  then  bought  six  cows  at  $35  a  head. 
The  cows  dressed,  on  the  average,  500  Ib.  each;  and  they 
were  peddled  out,  netting  the  butcher  14^  a  pound.  He  closed 
accounts  September  1.  With  living  expenses  at  $20  a  month, 
how  much  should  he  have  had  in  the  bank  at  that  time? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

dressed  substitutes          butcher  harness  calves 

weight  carcass  lambs  peddled          netting 

accounts          living  business          engage  local 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  a  letter  such  as  a  butcher  would  write  to  a  farmer  to 
engage  forty  lambs  for  market. 

2.  Write  the  probable  reply. 

3.  Assume  that  the  butcher  is  looking  for  stock  for  meat.   Write 
an  advertisement  for  the  same. 


ICE  BUSINESS  27 

Lesson  17.  Ice  Business 

Why  is  ice  necessary?  Can  ice  be  manufactured?  At  what  tem- 
perature does  ice  begin  to  form,  naturally?  Is  ice  heavier  or  lighter 
than  water?  What  is  a  good  proof? 

A  man  owns  an  ice  house  which  holds  900  tons.  During 
the  month  of  February  he  had  the  ice  house  filled.  It  took 
nine  working  days  to  do  the  work.  Forty  men  each  received 
$2.50  a  day;  six  men  each  received  $3  a  day;  four  men  worked 
nights,  each  receiving  $3  anight;  and  a  superintendent  re- 
ceived $-5  a  day.  Four  teams  with  drivers  were  employed, 
each  receiving  $6  a  day.  A  man  with  an  engine  was  paid 
$10  a  day.  The  engine  consumed  one  ton  of  coal  each  day, 
and  the  coal  cost  $6  a  ton.  Incidentals  amounted  to  $100. 
One  third  of  the  ice  wasted  before  it  was  delivered  to  the 
consumer.  The  owner  hired  the  ice  delivered  for  $1.50  a  ton, 
and  the  price  received  for  the  ice  was  40^  a  hundred  pounds. 
Four  tons  of  ice  were  delivered  each  day,  and  a  helper  was 
furnished  by  the  owner  to  help  load  ice  at  a  cost  of  $2  a  day 
for  the  time  required  to  peddle  the  ice.  Insurance  cost  $100. 
Find  the  owner's  net  profits  from  the  business  for  the  season. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

superintendent       heavier       delivered       peddle  naturally 

manufactured         receipt        consumer       insurance       consumed 
temperature  engine         furnished       receipt  profits 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Mr.  R.  Hyde  had  50  Ib.  of  ice  every  day  during  the  month 
of  July.   Make  out  his  bill  in  your  favor. 

2.  Make  out  a  receipt  for  the  above  bill. 

3.  Using  local  names,  make  out  a  bill  for  the  coal  used  in  filling 
the  ice  house. 


28  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  18.  Spring  Water  Industry 

Why  is  spring  water  preferable  for  drinking  purposes?  State  how 
water  from  a  reservoir  may  become  impure.  What  danger  arises 
from  the  use  of  impure  water?  How  can  reservoir  water  be  im- 
proved for  drinking  purposes?  What  is  meant  by  an  analysis  of 
water? 

A  farmer  living  near  a  city  decided  to  take  advantage  of 
the  fact  that  he  has  an  excellent  spring  on  his  farm.  Accord- 
ingly, he  solicited  customers  to  buy  bottled  water  of  him. 
He  secured  eight  customers  who  have  a  demijohn  filled  each 
week  day  at  a  cost  of  25^  for  each  filling.  Twelve  customers 
take  one  case  of  six  bottles  each  week  day  at  a  cost  of  25^  a 
case.  Five  customers  each  take  two  cases  a  week  day  at  20 £ 
a  case.  The  average  retail  trade  amounts  to  ten  bottles  a 
day  at  5j£  each.  A  man  is  employed  to  wash  bottles  and  to 
bottle  water  at  $1.50  a  day.  The  driver  receives  $2  a  day. 
Feed  for  the  horses  costs  $1  a  day  each  day  in  the  week. 
Incidentals  amount  to  50^  a  working  day.  Find  the  net  pro- 
ceeds from  the  business  during  the  months  of  July  and  Au- 
gust, counting  nine  Sundays  in  the  two  months. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

preferable         purposes          reservoir          arises  impure 

improved          analysis  advantage        excellent         solicited 

customers         demijohn        employed         prepared        retail 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Assume  that  you  are  prepared  to  supply  springwater.   Write 
an  advertisement  for  the  same. 

2.  Make  out  a  weekly  statement  of  receipts  and  expenses  for  the 
above  business. 

3.  Using  local  names,  draw  up  a  check  to  pay  the  driver  for  one 
week. 


HOTEL  BUSINESS  29 

Lesson  19.  Hotel  Business 

Distinguish  between  the  terms  hotel  and  restaurant.  Name 
several  well  known  hotels.  What  is  a  temperance  hotel?  What  is 
a  cafe"?  Why  do  hotel  keepers  cater  more  to  transient  trade  than 
to  regular  boarders?  Give  some  idea  of  the  price  of  board  at 
hotels  in  your  town. 

The  proprietor  of  a  certain  hotel  has  established  the  fol- 
lowing prices:  regular  boarders,  $10  a  week;  dinners,  50^; 
breakfasts,  25j£;  suppers,  35^;  lodgings,  $1.  He  pays  two 
chambermaids  each  $6  a  week.  He  pays  a  cook  $10  a  week, 
and  two  waitresses  each  $5  a  week.  The  rent  costs  $125  a 
month.  Eight  people  board  regularly  at  the  hotel.  In  addi- 
tion to  this,  the  average  daily  transient  business  is  as  follows: 
five  lodgers,  seven  breakfasts,  twelve  dinners,  and  ten  sup- 
pers. The  average  cost  for  fuel  and  provision  is  $80  a  week. 
From  the  above  data,  make  out  a  statement  to  show  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  business  for  the  month  of  February. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

restaurant         temperance        cafe"         lodgings  transient 

proprietor         established         cater       waitresses  provision 

proceeds  statement          data        application         favorable 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  A  man  and  his  wife  stayed  at  the  above  hotel  three  days. 
Make  out  a  statement  of  the  expense. 

2.  A  young  woman  wishes  to  secure  a  position  as  waitress  in  a 
local  hotel.  Supply  ordinary  names  and  write  an  application  for  the 
position. 

3.  Write  a  favorable  reply  to  the  above  application. 

4.  Write  a  letter  accepting  the  position,  as  offered  in  the  terms 
given  by  the  proprietor  of  the  hotel  referred  to  above. 


30  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  20.  The  Restaurant 

What  is  the  difference  between  a  hotel  and  a  restaurant?  Give  the 
names  of  some  restaurants.  What  is  a  " quick  lunch"?  What 
laundering  is  needed  in  a  restaurant? 

The  prices  for  meals  at  a  local  restaurant  are  as  follows: 
breakfast,  15^;  dinner,  25^;  supper,  20^.  The  help  employed 
is  as  follows:  two  waitresses  at  $1  a  day  each;  one  cook  at  $2 
a  day;  a  cashier  and  manager  at  $75  a  month.  The  cost  for 
rent  is  $40  a  month;  for  gas,  $15  a  month;  for  coal,  $7  a 
month;  for  laundry,  50^  a  day.  During  the  months  of  Janu- 
ary and  February,  the  following  provisions  were  bought 
for  each  month:  4  bbl.  of  potatoes  at  $3  a  barrel;  5  Ib.  of 
coffee  at  30j£  a  pound;  1  bbl.  of  flour  at  $6.50  a  barrel; 
150  ft),  of  sugar  at  $4.30  a  hundredweight;  20  Ib.  of  lard  at 
16 j£  a  pound;  2  Ib.  of  tea  at  40 j£  a  pound.  The  following  were 
bought  each  day:  2  packages  of  cereal  at  10^  each;  4  qts.  of 
milk  at  8^  a  quart;  15  ft),  of  meat  averaging  20^  a  pound; 
incidentals,  $1  a  day. 

The  average  number  of  meals  served  daily  was  as  follows: 
25  breakfasts,  35  dinners,  and  25  suppers.  Find  what  the 
business  paid  during  the  two  months  specified. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

restaurant         breakfast         waitress         cashier  manager 

laundering        coffee  cereal  business  specified 

groceries  articles  meter  provisions         needed 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 
(Use  local  names  in  the  forms  below.) 

1.  Make  out  a  bill  for  the  coal. 

2.  Write  out  an  order  for  groceries  to  the  amount  of  $10. 

3.  Make  a  list  of  twenty  common  articles  bought  at  a  grocery 

4.  Advertise  for  a  waitress. 


GARBAGE  COLLECTING  31 

Lesson  21.  Garbage  Collecting 

What  is  a  contract?  Why  is  it  necessary?  Mention  different  ways 
of  disposing  of  garbage.  Who  pays  the  garbage  man?  What  is  junk? 

Mr.  T.  Hodge  took  the  contract  for  a  year  to  carry  away 
the  garbage  from  a  certain  number  of  streets.  According  to 
the  terms  of  the  contract,  the  garbage  was  to  be  collected 
once  a  week.  The  cans  were  to  be  taken  to  the  curbstone  by 
the  residents.  The  compensation  allowed  by  the  city  was 
$100  a  month.  In  addition  to  that,  the  garbage  man  received 
$1  a  week  extra  from  each  of  four  churches.  Twenty  families 
preferred  to  have  their  garbage  taken  from  their  back  yard 
at  a  cost  of  10^  a  week  per  family.  Junk  found  in  the  gar- 
bage amounted  to  $1.50  a  week  for  the  year.  Two  men  were 
hired  to  do  the  work,  each  receiving  $1.50  a  day.  The  horses 
cost  $250,  and  the  harness  cost  $50.  The  wagons  were  fur- 
nished by  the  city.  It  cost  $6  a  week  to  stable  and  feed  the 
horses.  Shoeing  and  incidentals  came  to  $5  a  month.  At  the 
end  of  the  year,  horses  and  harness  were  sold  for  $280.  Find 
the  result  of  the  year's  business,  counting  305  working  days. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

junk  disposing          collected         allowed          shoeing 

terms         garbage  curbstone        received        preferred 

stable         contract  residents         families         compensation 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  A  local  junk  dealer  bought  350 Ib.  of  iron  and  40  Ib.  of  rubber. 
Iron  wasworth  40^  a  hundredweight;  and  rubber,?^  a  pound.  Make 
out  the  bill. 

2.  Write  a  letter  to  a  local  feed  dealer,  ordering  400  Ib.  of  feed. 

3.  Granting  that  the  price  of  the  feed  was  $1.60  a  hundred 
pounds,  make  out  a  check  to  pay  the  bill.    (Use  local  names.) 

4.  Advertise  for  a  man  to  work  on  the  garbage  wagon. 


32  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  22.  Construction  Work 

What  is  a  contractor?  Name  one.  How  is  the  price  of  contract 
work  usually  determined?  State  an  advantage  of  having  work 
done  by  contract.  Name  one  disadvantage.  Name  some  piece  of 
work  done  by  contract. 

Mr.  Oscar  Teal  contracted  to  build  a  barn  for  $1800.  He 
had  $1500  in  the  local  bank.  The  work  was  started  June 
1,  1914,  and  was  to  be  completed  on  or  before  Sept.  1,  1914. 
The  work  was  completed  Oct.  1,  1914,  the  contractor  for- 
feiting $5  a  day  for  each  day  after  the  time  specified  for  the 
completion  of  the  work. 

The  contractor  paid  the  following  expenses:  to  a  local 
lumber  dealer,  $25  a  thousand  for  20,000  ft.  of  lumber;  to  a 
local  roofer,  $5  a  square  for  18  squares  of  roofing;  to  a  lime 
and  cement  dealer,  $60;  to  a  teamster,  $4  a  day  for  28  days; 
to  a  carpenter,  $4  a  day  for  90  days;  to  two  helpers,  $2  a 
day  each,  for  80  days;  for  painting,  15  gal.  of  paint  at  $1.60 
a  gallon  and  $20  for  painting.  Incidentals  amounted  to  $100. 
From  the  above  data,  find  the  contractor's  financial  standing 
Oct.  1,  1914,  allowing  $400  for  living  expenses. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

contractor        determined        advantage        local          completed 
forfeiting          specified  completion       roofer        cement 

teamster          carpenter  data  remit        financial 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  a  bill  for  the  lumber,  using  a  local  dealer's  name. 

2.  Draw  up  a  check  to  pay  for  the  lumber. 

3.  Supply  a  common  name  and  write  a  telegram  to  the  carpenter, 
asking  him  to  report  for  work  at  once. 

4.  Assuming  that  there  is  a  balance  of  $500  due  the  contractor, 
write  to  the  owner,  Mr.  I.  Kidd,  asking  him  to  remit  at  once. 


ROAD  BUILDING  .33 

Lesson  23.  Road  Building 

What  is  a  macadam  road?  Discuss  the  advantages  of  state 
roads.  How  is  the  automobile  a  help  to  the  road  system?  How  is 
it  detrimental  to  roads?  Name  several  different  kinds  of  material 
used  in  building  roads. 

A  contractor  agreed  to  build  three  miles  of  macadam  road 
at  $10,000  a  mile.  The  road  was  to  be  16  ft.  wide,  built  of 
crushed  stone  placed  8  in.  thick.  There  were  1800  cu.  yd. 
of  dirt  to  be  moved,  and  this  cost  the  contractor  40j£  a  yard. 
The  following  material  was  needed:  sixty  tons  of  coal  cost- 
ing $3.30  a  ton;  7500  ft.  of  lumber  at  $30  a  thousand;  1800 
sacks  of  cement  at  $1.65  a  barrel  (a  barrel  of  cement  con- 
tains four  sacks).  Posts,  guard  rail,  and  labor  for  erecting 
same  cost  $225;  paint,  metal,  and  oil  cost  $120;  incidentals 
amounted  to  $300.  It  cost  the  contractor  $4  a  cubic  yard 
to  furnish  the  crushed  stone  and  lay  the  material  according 
to  specifications.  Find  the  net  profits  to  the  contractor  for 
building  the  three  miles  of  road. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND   DEFINING 

macadam          crushed       contains        specifications      cement 
automobile        cubic  erecting        incidentals          system 

detrimental       metal          material        advantages         contractor 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Assume  that  you  are  the  contractor.  Advertise  for  teams  and 
men  to  work  on  the  road. 

2.  Assume  that  you  want  work  on  the  road.    Supply  the  name 
and  address  of  a  superintendent  and  apply  for  a  job. 

3.  Using  local  names,  make  out  a  bill  for  the  lumber  and  cement 
used  in  building  the  above  road. 

4.  Make  out  a  receipt  for  the  above  bill. 


34  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  24.  Stone  Quarrying 

State  some  uses  of  crushed  stone.  What  has  location  to  do  with 
the  value  of  a  stone  quarry?  How  is  the  solid  rock  first  broken  in  a 
quarry?  State  some  characteristics  of  dynamite. 

In  a  certain  stone  quarry,  fifty  men  are  employed.  The 
daily  wages  paid  are  as  follows:  one  engineer,  $2.25;  one 
fireman,  $2;  two  blacksmiths  at  $2.25  each;  seven  drillmen 
at  $2  each;  one  quarry  foreman,  $2.50;  one  blaster,  $2.  The 
remainder  of  the  men  each  receive  $1.75  a  day.  The  daily 
cost  for  coal  and  oil  is  $31.  The  bookkeeper  receives  $50  a 
month  while  the  plant  is  in  operation.  The  overhead  expenses 
amount  to  an  average  of  $77  a  day.  The  plant  is  valued  at 
$50,000;  it  is  in  operation  from  the  first  day  of  April  un- 
til December  1  each  year.  The  average  number  of  actual 
working  days  per  month  is  twenty-five.  The  capacity  of  the 
plant  is  500  tons  a  day,  and  the  stone  is  sold  at  50 j£  a  ton  at 
the  quarry.  Assuming  that  the  plant  is  run  to  its  full  capacity 
during  the  time  specified  above,  find  the  net  proceeds  to  the 
company  for  a  season,  allowing  6%  interest  on  the  money 
invested,  and  a  salary  of  $2000  a  year  for  a  superintendent. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

quarry  foreman  specified  superintendent  dynamite 
solid  blaster  proceeds  characteristics  operation 
plant  capacity  interest  countermand  satisfactory 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Assume  that  you  are  a  contractor  wishing  to  buy  100  tons  of 
crushed  stone.    Write  to  the  Rensselaer  Stone  Co.,  Lyme,  N.H., 
for  the  necessary  information. 

2.  Write  a  reply  to  the  above  letter. 

3.  Assume  that  the  price  is  satisfactory.   Order  the  goods. 

4.  A  day  later  you  change  your  mind.    Countermand  the  order. 


COAL  MINING  35 

Lesson  25.  Coal  Mining 

Name  several  different  kinds  of  coal.  What  are  the  uses  of  coal? 
Name  some  substitutes  for  coal.  Give  the  table  for  cubic  measure. 
Give  some  idea  of  how  coal  was  formed. 

A  man  in  Pennsylvania  discovered  that  the  ground  on  his 
farm  contained  coal.  Accordingly,  he  let  the  contract  to  sink 
a  shaft  into  the  ground,  700  ft.  deep.  The  shaft  was  to  be 
18  ft.  long  and  15  ft.  wide,  and  the  work  was  to  be  done  for 
$3.90  a  cubic  yard.  A  tunnel  570  ft.  long  was  to  be  dug  at 
$4.50  a  linear  yard.  The  tunnel  was  to  be  large  enough  to 
allow  a  car  to  pass  through.  When  the  mine  was  in  opera- 
tion, the  capacity  was  1370  tons  a  day,  one  fifth  of  which 
was  waste  material.  It  cost  the  owner  $2.25  a  ton  for  mining 
each  ton  of  marketable  coal,  and  the  cost  for  handling  the 
same  was  80^  a  ton.  The  coal  was  sold  for  $3.45  a  ton.  Find 
how  many  working  days  it  would  require  at  this  rate  to  pay 
the  cost  of  the  shaft  and  tunnel. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

Pennsylvania         waste  linear  handling  capacity 

marketable  shaft  mining         discovered         material 

substitutes  tunnel          require         operation          contract 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Supply  the  necessary  names  and  write  to  a  contractor  for  a 
bid  on  the  construction  of  the  shaft. 

2.  Write  an  unfavorable  reply  to  the  above  letter. 

3.  Assume  that  men  are  wanted  to  work  in  the  mines.    Write  an 
advertisement  for  the  same. 

4.  Write  a  letter  such  as  might  be  sent  from  some  labor  bureau 
to  the  above  company,  offering  to  furnish  twenty  men  to  work  in 
the  mines.    Supply  names. 


36  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  26.  Coal  Dealing 

Name  several  different  kinds  of  coal.  Tell  something  of  the  uses 
of  the  different  kinds  of  coal.  Name  a  section  of  the  country  noted 
for  coal.  Where  is  Pittsburgh?  What  is  the  busiest  time  of  year 
for  coal  dealers?  Name  different  methods  of  delivering  coal  to  the 
consumer. 

Let  us  assume  that  coal  costs  a  local  dealer,  Mr.  Watkins, 
as  follows:  $3.25  a  ton  at  the  mines;  freight,  $1.10  a  ton; 
unloading,  30f£  a  ton.  The  dealer  has  a  team  of  horses,  and 
he  employs  a  man  at  $2.25  a  day.  The  horses  each  eat  12 
qt.  of  oats  a  day,  and  oats  are  worth  48^  a  bushel.  It  costs 
$6  a  month  to  shoe  the  team,  and  expenses  for  wagon  re- 
pairs amount  to  $2  a  month.  The  man  with  team  delivers, 
on  the  average,  eight  tons  of  coal  a  day.  From  the  above 
data,  estimate  the  profit  to  the  dealer  for  the  month  of  Oc- 
tober, granting  that  coal  retails  at  $6.75  a  ton  delivered  to 
the  consumer.  (Consider  four  Sundays  in  the  month.) 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


different 

section 

Pittsburgh 

assume 

local 

mines 

freight 

employs 

repairs 

delivers 

estimate 

profit 

granting 

retails 

consumer 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Using  local  names,  make  out  a  bill  for  six  tons  of  coal. 

2.  Make  out  a  receipt  for  payment  of  the  bill. 

3.  Write  a  check  to  pay  the  employee  for  one  week.   Use  local 
names. 

4.  Write  to  a  local  feed  dealer,  ordering  oats  enough  to  last  the 
team  a  month. 

5.  A  man  wishes  to  have  two  tons  of  coal  delivered  at  his  resi- 
dence.   Supply  names  and  address  and  order  the  coal. 


OIL  TRADE  37 

Lesson  27.  Oil  Trade 

Where  is  oil  obtained  in  large  quantities?  Name  some  different 
kinds  of  oil.  What  part  of  an  automobile  requires  the  bulk  of  the 
oil?  What  becomes  of  the  oil? 

On  April  1,  Mr.  Arthur  Childs,  Frankfort,  Ky.,  signed  an 
agreement  with  the  Zone  Oil  Company,  Cleveland^  Ohio,  to 
act  as  an  oil  drummer  until  October  1.  He  decided  to  con- 
fine his  efforts  to  the  sale  of  automobile  oil.  The  company 
quoted  him  a  cost  price  of  20^  a  gallon  at  the  refinery,  agree- 
ing to  allow  him  half  of  all  receipts  above  cost.  Mr.  Childs 
sold  the  oil  at  30^  a  gallon.  Barrels  contain  50  gal. ;  half-bar- 
rels, 30  gal.,  more  or  less.  Mr.  Childs  worked  twenty  days 
each  month  for  the  time  specified.  He  sold,  on  the  average, 
two  barrels  and  four  half-barrels  each  day.  His  daily  ex- 
penses while  on  the  road  averaged  as  follows:  carfare,  S3; 
hotel  bills,  $2.50;  incidentals,  $.50.  His  board  for  the  time 
he  was  not  working  was  $8  each  month. 

Find  how  much  he  should  have  saved  during  the  term  of 
agreement.  Would  $100  a  month  and  expenses  have  been 
better?  How  much  better? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

Frankfort         agreement  decide          drummer          confine 

efforts  company  quote  refinery  contain 

average  commission         during         quantities         bulk 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  The  drummersold  2  bbl.  of  oil  to  Charles  White,  Bloomington, 
111.    Write  the  order  as  the  agent  would  send  it  to  the  Company. 

2.  Make  out  the  bill  the  Company  would  send  to  Mr.  White. 

3.  Make  out  the  check  Mr.  White  would  send  to  the  Company. 

4.  Make  out  the  check  as  the  Zone  Oil  Company  would  send  it 
to  the  drummer  for  his  commission. 


38  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  28.  Shirt  Industry 

Name  and  locate  a  city  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  shirts. 
Name  several  different  kinds  of  shirts.  What  is  the  duty  of  a  shirt 
inspector?  Describe  the  color  and  material  of  the  common  outside 
shirt. 

As  a  rule,  shirts  retailed  at  $1.50  each  are  sold  by  the  manu- 
facturer at  $13.50  a  dozen.  The  average  cost  for  the  cloth 
used  is  150  a  yard,  and  it  requires  40  yd.  to  make  a  dozen 
shirts.  In  manufacturing,  the  following  prices  per  dozen  are 
paid  for  labor:  cutting,  200;  inspecting,  80;  sewing  buttons, 
40;  attaching  cuffs,  150;  felling,  100;  neckbanding,  140; 
buttonholing  fronts,  50;  joining,  60;  plait  work,  100;  sleeve 
work,  70.  Other  operations  amount  to  470.  The  cost  for 
trimmings,  such  as  plaits,  linings,  neckbands,  cuffs,  buttons, 
etc.,  amounts  to  $1.38  a  dozen.  The  cost  for  laundering  is 
$1.85  a  dozen.  The  overhead  expenses  amount  to  60  per 
cent  of  the  direct  cost  for  labor  alone.  Counting  the  cost  for 
boxes  1.40  a  dozen  shirts,  and  the  cost  for  selling  10  per  cent 
of  the  list  price,  find  the  net  profits  to  a  company  in  making 
up  ten  cases  of  cloth,  each  case  containing  2200  yd.  Find 
the  gross  profits  to  the  retailers  on  this  lot  of  shirts.  (Exclude 
laundering  in  calculating  cost  of  labor.) 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

manufacture         inspector  attaching        sewing  plait 

buttonholing         laundering         joining  linings  direct 

operations  material  overhead         retailers         gross 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Assume  that  you  are  looking  for  work  in  a  shirt  shop.    Write 
to  Hall,  Hartwell,  and  Company,  Troy,  N.Y.,  to  get  a  position. 

2.  Write  a  letter  to  a  friend,  telling  him  of  your  success  in  secur- 
ing a  position  in  a  shirt  shop. 


COLLAR  INDUSTRY  39 

Lesson  29.  Collar  Industry 

Name  and  locate  a  city  that  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
more  collars  than  any  other  city  in  the  world.  What  material  is 
found  in  a  medium  grade  collar?  What  is  the  prevailing  retail 
price?  Describe  different  styles  of  collars. 

The  average  cost  per  yard  for  material  found  in  collars 
selling  at  the  rate  of  two  for  25^  is  ten  cents  a  yard,  and  it 
requires  three  yards  of  cloth  for  a  dozen  collars.  The  cost 
per  dozen  for  manufacturing  is  as  follows:  cutting,  3^;  turn- 
ing top,  li^;  stitching,  3f£;  trimming,  J^;  turning  band, 
inserting,  6f£;  buttonholing,  3^;  overhead  expenses, 
Laundering  costs  13^  a  dozen.  A  box  holding  one  dozen 
costs  one  cent.  The  selling  expenses  amount  to  18^  a  dozen, 
and  the  manufacturer  sells  his  goods  for  $1.10  a  dozen  less 
5%.  If  a  company  manufactures  1500  doz.  collars  a  day, 
what  are  the  net  profits  to  the  company  for  a  month  of 
twenty-six  working  days? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


locate 
collars 
material 
favorable 

retail 
styles 
average 
reply 

cutting 
stitching 
turning 
inserting 

manufacture 
prevailing 
buttonholing 
laundering 

medium 
requires 
suitable 
holding 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Assume  that  you  are  looking  for  work  in  a  collar  shop.  Write 
to  Cluett,  Peabody,  &  Company,  Troy,  N.Y.,  to  secure  a  position. 

2.  Write  a  favorable  reply  to  the  above  letter. 

3.  Assume  that  a  cutter  has  cut  100  doz.  collars  a  day  for  a 
week.    Supplying  suitable  names,  draw  up  a  check  for  the  cutter 
for  his  week's  wages. 

4.  Assume  that  you  are  a  cutter  in  the  above  factory.    Write  a 
note  stating  that,  owing  to  illness,  you  will  not  be  able  to  continue 
work. 


40  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  30.  Clothing  Store 

How  many  months  in  a  year?  How  many  days?  How  many 
weeks?  How  many  Sundays?  How  many  week  days?  Name  the 
legal  holidays.  How  many  business  days  in  a  year? 

The  rent  paid  by  a  certain  clothing  establishment  is  $170 
a  month.  The  cost  per  month  for  gas  is  $10;  and  for  electri- 
city, $15.  The  cost  for  help  is  as  follows:  $15  a  week  for  a 
tailor,  $20  a  week  for  an  expert  clerk,  $6  a  week  for  a  helper, 
and  $25  a  week  for  a  manager. 

The  suits  sold  are  of  three  grades  selling  at  $10,  $12.50, 
and  $15,  respectively.  The  average  number  sold  a  day  for  a 
year  of  305  business  days  is  three  suits  of  each  grade.  On  the 
first,  let  us  assume  there  is  a  profit  of  $3 ;  on  the  second,  $3.75; 
and  on  the  third,  $4.50. 

Counting  fifty-two  weeks  to  the  year,  what  should  be  the 
net  profits  to  the  company  for  the  time  specified? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

clothing  establishment  limit  holiday  expert 

average  electricity  net  umbrella  assume 

specified  respectively  legal  insertion  grades 

manager  advertisement  rate  counting  tailor 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  an  advertisement  for  a  boy  wanted  in  some  local  cloth- 
ing store.  Limit  the  cost  to  30^  for  each  insertion,  the  rate  being 
1£  a  word. 

2.  Assume  that  someone  has  left  an  umbrella  in  a  local  clothing 
store.  Advertise  it. 

3.  Assume  that  you  lost  the  umbrella.    Answer  the  advertise- 
ment by  letter. 

4.  Write  an  application  for  the  position  in  the  clothing  store  re- 
ferred to  above.   Use  local  names. 


SHOE  TRADE  41 

Lesson  31.  Shoe  Trade 

Name  some  well-known  brands  of  shoes.  Name  a  place  where 
many  shoes  are  made.  What  material  would  you  expect  to  find  in 
a  good  pair  of  shoes?  What  is  the  meaning  of  "C.O.D."?  If  you 
were  sent  to  deliver  a  pair  of  shoes  to  a  friend,  would  you  leave  them 
without  collecting  the  money,  if  they  had  not  yet  been  paid  for? 

A  local  shoe  store  sells  shoes  at  $3,  $3.50,  and  $4,  re- 
spectively. Business  concerns  of  this  nature  expect  to  make 
at  least  25  per  cent  on  the  sale  of  goods.  Therefore,  let  us 
assume  that  the  three  grades  of  shoes  mentioned  above  yield 
a  profit  of  75^,  $1,  and  $1.25  respectively.  Let  us  further 
assume  that  one  case  of  twenty-four  pairs  is  sold  on  an  aver- 
age each  business  day  for  the  year,  and  that  this  consists  of 
an  equal  number  of  pairs  of  each  grade. 

If  the  expenses  for  rent  are  $160  a  month;  for  a  clerk,  $20 
a  week;  lights,  $15  a  month;  one  helper  on  Saturdays,  $1  a 
day;  and  for  a  manager,  $30  a  week,  what  should  be  the  net 
profits  to  the  business  concern  for  a  year  of  305  business  days? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

brands         respectively        material         publication        concerns 
nature         mentioned          manager        business  average 

inquiry        appropriate         profits  helper  yield 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  an  order  to  the  Weber  Shoe  Factory,  North  Adams, 
Mass.,  for  five  cases  of  shoes.  State  the  number  of  cases  of  each  kind 
wanted. 

2.  Assume  that  at  a  local  shoe  store  you  bought  a  pair  of  shoes 
that  were  too  small.  Write  a  letter  of  inquiry  about  the  matter. 

3.  The  shoe  dealer  is  willing  to  exchange  the  shoes.    Write  a 
letter  to  that  effect. 

4.  Write  an  advertisement  for  shoes,  appropriate  for  publication. 


42  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  32.  Cabinet  Making 

What  is  a  cabinet  maker?  Is  handmade  furniture  better  than 
that  made  by  machinery,  and  why?  What  is  "mission  finish"? 
Name  some  different  kinds  of  wood  used  in  making  furniture. 

A  cabinet  maker,  Mr.  G.  Miller,  agreed  to  furnish  one  dozen 
costumers  (hall  trees),  mission  finish,  for  $48.  Accordingly, 
he  bought  chestnut  lumber  for  the  purpose,  paying  at  the 
rate  of  $40  a  thousand.  For  each  hall  tree,  it  required  one 
stick  four  inches  square  and  six  feet  long.  Each  tree  had  four 
legs,  twelve  inches  long,  six  inches  wide,  and  one  inch  thick. 
Besides  this,  there  was  a  waste  of  two  feet  of  lumber  for  each 
tree.  Each  tree  required  four  double  brass  hooks,  costing  70 
each.  Each  hook  required  two  brass  screws,  costing  90  a 
dozen.  Each  leg  required  two  brass  screws,  costing  150  a 
dozen.  Glue  cost  one  cent  for  each  tree.  The  time  required 
to  do  the  work  was  as  follows:  to  cut  and  fit  each  leg,  one 
half  hour;  to  cut  and  finish  the  standard,  one  hour;  to  at- 
tach the  legs  and  hooks  on  each  tree,  one  half  hour;  to 
polish,  and  apply  mission  stain  on  each  tree,  one  half  hour. 
The  cost  for  turpentine,  lampblack,  and  varnish  was  70  a 
tree.  If  the  cabinet  maker  values  his  time  at  600  an  hour, 
how  much  more  than  actual  mechanic's  pay  did  he  receive 
for  making  the  dozen  hall  trees?  How  much  a  tree? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

cabinet  polish  machinery  purpose  finish 

chestnut         apply  turpentine  costumers          attach 

furniture        stain  mechanic  standard  varnish 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Using  the  name  of  a  local  hardware  dealer,  make  out  an 
itemized  bill  for  the  above  material,  except  the  lumber. 

2.  Write  to  a  lumber  dealer,  ordering  lumber  for  20  costumers. 


WOOD   SAWING  43 

Lesson  33.  Wood  Sawing 

Name  several  different  kinds  of  fuel  used  in  cook  stoves.  What 
is  cordwood?  What  preparation  is  necessary  in  order  that  it  may 
be  burned  in  a  cook  stove?  Is  it  a  cheap  fuel?  How  may  we  pre- 
serve our  forests? 

Mr.  A.  Barth  bought  an  outfit  for  sawing  firewood  and 
started  business  April  1.  He  bought  a  combination  gasoline 
engine  and  buzz  saw  of  A.  B.  Farquhar,  York,  Pa.,  paying 
$250  for  the  machine  F.O.B.  York.  The  freight  was  $24. 
Two  horses  were  bought  at  $125  each,  and  a  harness  at  a  cost 
of  $60.  A  second-hand  market  wagon  was  bought  for  $40. 
Mr.  Barth  employed  a  helper,  paying  him  $2  a  day.  The 
average  amount  of  gasoline  used  per  day  was  8  gal.  at  18£ 
a  gallon;  and  the  average  amount  of  oil  used  was  one  pint  a 
day,  and  this  cost  30^  a  gallon.  Incidentals  amounted  to  20^ 
a  day.  The  price  for  sawing  wood  into  stove-wood  lengths 
is  50^  a  cord.  If  the  average  amount  of  wood  sawed  per  day 
was  18  cd.  and  the  average  number  of  working  days  per 
month  was  twenty-five,  what  were  the  net  profits  from  the 
business  at  the  end  of  the  season,  September  1? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

cook  stove  profits          fuel  necessary         firewood 

combination        engine          harness         employed         gasoline 
preparation         current         season  buzz  saw          cordwood 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  a  letter  ordering  the  sawing  outfit. 

2.  Mr.  B.  Crell  had  twenty-five  cord  of  wood  sawed.  Make  out 
the  bill. 

3.  Write  a  receipt  for  payment  of  the  above  bill. 

4.  Make  out  a  statement  of  receipts  and  current  expenses  for 
the  month  of  May. 


•44  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  34.  Sawmilling 

What  is  a  custom  sawmill?  What  is  the  best  time  of  year  for 
drawing  logs,  and  why?  What  fuel  is  generally  used  in  steam  saw- 
mills? What  use  is  made  of  sawdust? 

The  owner  of  a  custom  sawmill  had  560  logs  on  the  logway, 
one  fourth  of  which  were  hardwood.  To  run  the  mill,  it  re- 
quired an  engineer,  a  sawyer,  and  a  man  to  carry  lumber. 
The  engineer  received  $2  a  day;  the  sawyer,  $3;  and  the  car- 
rier, $1.50.  Expenses  for  oil,  beltlace,  sawteeth,  etc.,  amounted 
to  50f£  a  day.  The  average  daily  amount  of  lumber  sawed 
was  3000  ft.  of  soft  wood  and  1000  ft.  of  hard  wood.  The 
price  to  customers  for  sawing  was  $3.50  a  thousand  for  soft 
wood  and  $4.50  a  thousand  for  hard  wood.  The  average 
amount  of  lumber  sawed  from  a  log  was  100  ft.  After  the  logs 
were  sawed,  seven  cords  of  slabs  were  sold  at  $1  a  cord  on  the 
millyard.  Find  how  much  the  owner  realized  after  paying 
expenses.  How  much  a  thousand?  How  much  a  thousand  did 
the  engineer  get? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

custom  fuel  sawmills          sawdust         logway 

engineer          sawyer  received          carrier  customers 

slabs  millyard         realized  cord  inserted 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  A  customer  had  3500  ft.  of  pine  and  800  ft.  of  oak  sawed. 
Supplying  local  names,  make  out  the  bill. 

2.  Assume  that  you  are  the  owner  of  the  mill.   Write  to  Henry 
Disston  and  Son,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  for  a  price  on  a  four-foot  in- 
serted tooth  saw. 

3.  Write  an  order  in  favor  of  John  Jones,  the  engineer,  drawn 
on  a  local  store,  for  groceries  to  the  amount  of  $10.  Sign  your  own 
name. 


CORDWOOD   INDUSTRY  45 

Lesson  35.  Cordwood  Industry 

How  large  is  a  cord  of  wood?  Give  some  idea  of  the  weight  of  a 
cord  of  wood  when  seasoned.  Name  several  different  kinds  of  wood. 
For  what  purpose  does  a  brickyard  use  wood?  Give  the  table  for 
square  measure. 

A  speculator,  Mr.  Charles  Film,  bought  a  woodlot  con- 
sisting of  four  acres  at  $50  an  acre.  The  lot  was  thickly  cov- 
ered with  good  firewood,  but  contained  no  sawing  timber. 
The  speculator  sold  the  entire  product  to  a  brick  company 
located  ten  miles  from  the  woodlot.  The  price  of  the  wood 
was  to  be  $6  a  cord,  delivered.  Two  men  were  engaged  to 
chop  the  wood  at  $1  a  cord.  At  the  end  of  sixty  working  days 
the  choppers  completed  the  work,  and  it  was  found  that  the 
average  yield  was  one  cord  of  wood  for  each  726  sq.  ft.  The 
speculator  paid  $3  a  cord  for  hauling  the  wood  to  the  brick- 
yard. The  teamster  found  his  horses  could  draw  a  cord  and 
a  half  to  a  load  and  make  one  trip  a  clay.  When  the  lot  was 
cleared,  it  was  sold  for  $8  an  acre. 

Find  the  speculator's  net  profits.  How  much  did  the 
choppers  earn  a  day?  How  much  did  the  teamster  earn  a 
week? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

speculator         woodlot  acre  timber  entire 

product  engaged  choppers          brickyard         hauling 

cleared  seasoned         teamster          located  yield 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Supply  the  name  of  some  brick  company  and  write  a  letter 
to  make  a  sale  for  the  wood  on  the  above  mentioned  woodlot. 

2.  Write  an  answer  to  the  above  letter. 

3.  Supply  the  name  and  make  out  the  teamster's  bill. 

4.  Advertise  for  choppers. 


46  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  36.  Lumber  Industry 

Name  several  kinds  of  hard  wood  timber.  Name  several  kinds 
of  soft  wood  timber.  State  some  uses  of  soft  wood  lumber;  of  hard 
wood  lumber.  Will  green  lumber  serve  for  building?  Why?  Name 
a  railroad  and  a  river  passing  through  Bellows  Falls,  Vt.  In  what 
State  is  York?  State  an  important  fact  about  Pennsylvania. 

Mr.  J.  Bame  had  $1500  in  the  National  Bank,  and  a  wood- 
lot  that  would  yield  150,000  ft.  of  pine  lumber  and  50,000 
ft.  of  oak.  The  soft  wood  lumber  was  sold  at  $30  a  thousand, 
and  the  hard  wood  at  $40  a  thousand.  The  man  found  he 
could  get  a  mill  to  saw  the  entire  lot  for  $4  a  thousand; 
but  the  logs  would  have  to  be  placed  upon  the  logway  by 
the  owner.  On  the  other  hand,  a  mill  could  be  purchased  to 
do  the  work.  This  was  done.  A  Lane  mill  was  ordered  from 
the  Lane  Company,  Bellows  Falls,  Vt.,  at  a  cost  of  $850.  A 
portable  steam  engine  was  bought  of  A.  B.  Farquhar,  York, 
Pa.,  at  a  cost  of  $650.  Four  horses  were  bought  of  J.  D.  Kit- 
tell,  Montreal,  Canada,  at  $150  each.  The  following  ex- 
penses were  incurred  in  sawing  and  drawing  the  lumber: 
sawyer's  wages,  40  days  at  $3.50  a  day;  engineer's  wages, 
40  days  at  $3  a  day;  5  laborers,  80  days  each  at  $2  a  day;  use 
of  2  trucks,  $29;  oil,  feed,  and  supplies,  $158;  living  expen- 
ses, $300.  When  the  job  was  completed,  the  outfit  was  sold 
for  $1200.  What  should  the  man  then  have  had  in  the  bank? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

timber     woodlot      Pennsylvania     portable     outfit      logway 
lumber     incurred     important  expenses    engine    completed 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  the  order  for  the  engine. 

2.  Write  to  a  local  lumber  dealer  to  make  sale  for  the  oak  lumber. 

3.  Make  out  a  receipted  bill  to  some  local  contractor  for  8000  ft. 
of  hard  wood  lumber  and  5000  ft.  of  soft  wood  lumber. 


CORN  HUSKING  47 

Lesson  37.  Corn  Husking 

What  is  corn  husking?  What  other  name  is  given  to  corn?  What 
use  is  made  of  corn  stalks?  State  the  object  of  shredding  stalks. 
Give  the  table  for  liquid  measure.  What  is  meant  by  "F.O.B."? 

A  steam  thresher,  Mr.  W.  Hills,  wishing  to  increase  his 
business,  decided  to  take  up  corn  husking.  Accordingly,  he 
bought  a  combined  husker  and  shredder  of  the  Keystone 
Husker  Company,  Sterling,  111.,  paying  $450  for  it  F.O.B. 
Sterling.  The  freight  was  $20.  The  daily  expense  for  running 
the  husker  was  as  follows:  for  one  engineer,  $2 ;  one  feeder, 
$2;  one  man  to  measure  the  corn,  $1.50;  2  qt.  of  machine  oil 
at  25^  a  gallon;  1  pt.  of  cylinder  oil  at  30^  a  gallon. 

The  husker  was  run  10  days  in  September,  20  days  in  Octo- 
ber, 24  days  in  November,  and  6  days  in  December.  The 
average  amount  of  corn  husked  per  day  was  100  bbl.  of  11 
pecks  each.  The  price  for  husking  and  shredding  the  stalks 
was  4^  a  bushel  for  the  corn  husked.  The  thresher  paid  the 
husker  company  all  of  the  net  profits  from  husking  for  the 
season.  How  much  was  still  due  on  the  husker? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

husking  stalks  debt  thresher  combined 

measure  machine  freight  engineer  feeder 

payable  cylinder  due  applied  shredding 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Mr.  John  Phelps  had  250  bbl.  of  corn  husked.   Make  out  the 
bill. 

2.  Write  the  letter  as  the  thresher  would  write  to  the  Keystone 
Company,  enclosing  the  net  profits  from  husking  to  be  applied  on 
the  debt  for  the  husker. 

3.  Make  out  the  receipt  for  the  money  paid. 

4.  Write  a  note  payable  in  one  year  to  settle  the  balance  due  on 
the  husker. 


48  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  38.  Steam  Threshing 

Why  is  the  season  so  short  for  threshing?  Name  several  kinds  of 
grain  raised  in  this  section.  What  are  some  of  the  different  kinds 
of  power  used  in  threshing? 

Mr.  Henry  Legal  had  $1000  in  a  local  bank.  With  this 
capital,  he  decided  to  engage  in  the  steam  threshing  business. 
Accordingly,  he  bought  his  outfit  so  as  to  be  ready  for  busi- 
ness September  1.  He  bought  a  twelve-horse-power  trac- 
tion engine  of  S.  W.  Wood  &  Son,  Clyde,  N.Y.,  the  price 
being  $850,  delivered.  He  bought  a  Universal  Thresher  of 
J.  W.  Butterworth,  Trenton,  N.J.,  for  $450.  A  water  tank 
was  bought  of  G.  H.  Harder  &  Co.,  Chicago,  111.,  for  $75. 
The  freight  was  prepaid  on  the  thresher  and  tank.  Mr.  Legal 
bought  100  ft.  of  seven-inch,  five-ply  rubber  belt  at  30^  a 
foot  and  50  ft.  of  three-quarter-inch  hose  at  12^  a  foot.  The 
hose  and  belt  were  bought  of  the  Fairbanks  Company,  Cleve- 
land, Ohio.  Extras  cost  $50  for  the  season.  The  thresher  ran 
his  machine  until  December  1,  working  20  days  each  month. 
He  hired  two  men,  paying  each  $1.50  a  day  while  the  machine 
was  in  operation.  The  average  amount  of  grain  threshed  per 
day  was  300  bu.  of  rye  for  half  the  time  and  800  bu.  of  oats 
for  the  remaining  time.  He  received  6j£  a  bushel  for  thresh- 
ing rye  and  3^  for  oats.  How  much  should  the  thresher 
have  had  in  the  bank,  December  1,  if  he  paid  all  bills  in  full? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

engine      operation       decides          threshing       tank       traction 
tracer       remaining      delivered       universal        local       machine 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Mr.  Frank  Best  had  300  bu.  of  rye  and  800  bu.  of  oats  threshed. 
Make  out  the  bill. 

2.  Write  to  the  Fairbanks  Company,  ordering  the  belt. 


HAY  PRESSING  49 

Lesson  39.  Hay  Pressing 

What  is  the  object  of  baling  hay?  Describe  the  process  of  mak- 
ing hay.  Name  two  or  three  kinds  of  grass  commonly  found  in  the 
hay  field.  About  what  is  the  time  of  year  for  making  hay?  Give 
some  idea  of  the  price  of  hay.  Name  some  animals  that  eat  hay. 

On  September  1,  Mr.  John  Holt,  Portland,  Me.,  bought  a 
Deedrick  hay  press,  at  a  cost  of  $350.  He  bought  a  horse  for 
$150  and  a  heavy  single  harness  for  $30.  He  hired  a  man, 
George  West,  to  work  until  the  close  of  the  season,  which  was 
the  first  of  the  following  April.  Mr.  West  received  $25  a 
month.  The  press  was  in  operation,  on  the  average,  twenty- 
four  days  a  month.  The  average  amount  of  hay  pressed  was 
80  bales  a  day,  and  the  bales  averaged  20Q(p).  each.  The  price 
received  for  pressing  was  75^  a  ton.  During  the  season,  the 
expense  for  repairs  was  $20  and  for  incidentals  $10.  At 
the  close  of  the  season  the  outfit  was  sold  for  $375.  Find  the 
presser's  net  proceeds.  How  much  did  he  get  a  day? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

pressing  harness  amount  averaging          season 

expense  process  repairs  outfit  baling 

incidentals        proceeds          received  weight  single 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Mr.  James  Albert  had  ninety-eight  bales  of  hay  pressed,  the 
bales  being  of  average  weight.   Make  out  the  bill  for  pressing. 

2.  Mr.  Ralph  Barth  owes  the  presser  $40.    Make  out  an  order 
for  the  money  hi  favor  of  the  hired  man. 

3.  Mr.  Edward  Coons  has  about  fifty  tons  of  hay  to  press.  Write 
a  letter  to  the  presser,  engaging  him  to  press  the  hay. 

4.  Mr.  Nason  Duke  bought  the  outfit.  Make  out  a  sixty-day  note 
in  settlement  for  the  same. 


50  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  40.  Feed  Industry 

Name  several  different  kinds  of  grain  raised  in  this  section. 
Name  a  section  of  the  United  States  noted  for  corn  raising. 
Name  a  section  noted  for  wheat  raising.  Give  the  table  for  avoir- 
dupois weight. 

During  the  month  of  December  a  local  feed  dealer  did  the 
following  business:  bought  of  H.  H.  McEwan  &  Co.,  Ogdens- 
burg,  N.Y.,  four  carloads  of  corn,  each  containing  1000  bu.,  at 
80^  a  bushel,  freight  prepaid.  The  cost  for  unloading  was  5^ 
a  hundredweight.  In  shipping  and  grinding  into  meal,  there 
was  a  shrinkage  of  4000  ib.  on  the  entire  lot.  The  meal  was 
retailed  at  $1.70  a  hundredweight.  During  the  month,  one 
carload  of  oats  was  bought  of  Barber  and  Bennett,  Chicago, 
111.  The  car  contained  1500  bu.  at  48^  a  bushel.  Cartage 
cost  5^  a  hundredweight.  The  oats  were  sold  at  55j£  a  bushel. 
A  carload  of  middlings  was  bought  of  the  same  firm.  The 
car  contained  400  sacks  of  100  Ib.  each  at  $26  a  ton,  cartage 
5jzi  a  hundredweight.  The  middlings  were  sold  at  $1.50  a 
hundredweight.  An  employee  receives  $25  a  month;  the 
manager,  $100.  Find  the  net  profits  for  the  month. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

section  raising  carloads  containing  prepaid 

unloading        shipping        grinding          shrinkage  salary 

manager          cartage          middlings        quotations  retailed 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Supplying  names,  make  out  a  check  to  pay  for  the  corn. 

2.  Mr.  J.  Smith  had  five  sacks  of  middlings,  20  bu.  of  oats,  and 
a  ton  of  meal.  Make  out  his  bill  and  write  a  letter  to  send  with  it, 
asking  for  an  immediate  settlement. 

3.  Write  a  telegram  to  Barber  &  Bennett,  asking  them  to  send 
a  tracer  after  the  carload  of  oats  shipped  December  2. 

4.  Write  McEwan  &  Co.  for  quotations  on  corn  for  January  1. 


MILK  INDUSTRY  51 

Lesson  41.  Milk  Industry 

What  are  the  duties  of  the  men  who  have  charge  of  the  cows? 
State  the  duties  of  milk  inspectors.  What  are  some  of  the  qualities 
of  a  good  cow?  State  the  advantage  of  milk  tickets.  Name  some 
different  milk  products  sold  by  the  milkman.  Give  the  table  for 
liquid  measure.  What  has  the  law  to  do  with  the  quality  and 
measure  of  milk  sold  to  consumers? 

Mr.  E.  Tifft  has  forty  cows  valued  at  $60  each.  The  aver- 
age amount  of  milk  given  by  each  cow  is  16  qt.  a  day,  and 
the  milk  is  peddled  out  at  8£  a  quart.  The  cows  consume 
grain  to  the  amount  of  30^  a  head  each  day.  During  a  month 
they  eat  ensilage  valued  at  $50.  The  milking  requires  two 
men,  each  receiving  $2  a  day.  The  expense  for  horse  feed  is 
60 f£  a  day.  Two  men  deliver  the  mine,  each  receiving  $2  a 
day  for  his  service.  Interest  on  money  invested  in  cows 
amounts  to  $12  a  month.  Find  the  net  income  to  the  owner 
for  the  month  of  November. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


duties 
liquid 
requires 
customer 

advantage 
inspectors 
invested 
advertise 

qualities 
peddled 
income 
consume 

favor 
owner 
note 
valued 

products 
ensilage 
interest 
amounts 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  checks  to  pay  the  hired  men  for  the  month,  supply- 
ing local  names. 

2.  Assume  that  a  customer  had  two  and  a  half  quarts  of  milk  a 
day.  Supply  a  common  name  and  make  out  the  bill  for  the  month. 

3.  Draw  up  a  thirty-day  note  in  favor  of  some  local  feed  dealer 
in  settlement  for  two  tons  of  feed  at  $30  a  ton. 

4.  Advertise  for  a  man  to  work  on  a  milk  wagon.    Mention  the 
wages  that  will  be  paid. 


52  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  42.  Cheese  Making 

Name  several  different  uses  of  milk.  Why  should  a  pound  of 
butter  be  worth  more  than  a  pound  of  cheese?  Mention  several  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  cheese.  Distinguish  between  the  terms  creamery 
and  cheese  factory. 

A  company  operating  a  cheese  factory  engaged  the  milk 
produced  on  fifteen  farms  for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing 
cheese.  The  average  amount  brought  from  each  farm  was 
120  Ib.  daily.  The  agreement  was  that  the  company  should 
make  and  cure  the  cheese,  receiving  nine  tenths  of  a  cent  a 
pound  for  the  work.  The  charge  for  commissions  and  freights 
was  2^  a  pound.  After  some  experience  it  was  learned 
that  100  Ib.  of  milk,  on  the  average,  made  10  Ib.  of  cheese. 
The  wholesale  price  received  for  the  cheese  was  14|^  a 
pound.  From  the  above  data,  find  the  average  net  amount 
each  farmer  received  for  milk  during  a  month  of  thirty-one 
days.  What  did  the  company  receive? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

different  factory  manufacturing  firm  wholesale 

operating  cheese  agreement  receipt  weighing 

distinguish  engaged  commissions  data  produced 

creamery  pound  experience  cure  several 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  A  company  shipped  fifty  cheeses  each  weighing  40  Ib.  to  a 
firm  in  New  Haven,  Conn.     The  price  of  the  cheese  was  14jjzf  a 
pound.   Supply  the  names  and  make  out  the  bill. 

2.  Make  out  a  check  to  pay  the  bill. 

3.  Make  out  a  check  to  pay  Mr.  E.  Fish,  one  of  the  above  farm- 
ers, for  milk  sent  to  the  factory  for  a  month  of  thirty-one  days. 

4.  Mr.    G.    Abel   bought  and  paid  cash  for  two  forty-pound 
cheeses  at  the  above  wholesale  price.   Make  out  a  receipt  for  the 
money.    Supply  necessary  name. 


BREAD  MAKING  53 

Lesson  43.  Bread  Making 

What  are  the  chief  ingredients  used  in  making  bread?  State  the 
office  of  yeast  in  bread  making.  Name  a  section  of  the  country 
that  produces  much  wheat.  How  many  pounds  in  a  barrel  of 
flour?  Mention  some  conditions  that  affect  the  price  of  wheat 
flour. 

The  average  quantity  of  ingredients  required  to  make  a 
loaf  of  bread  weighing  20  oz.  and  selling  at  10^  is  as  follows: 
2  tablespoonfuls  of  lard,  one  fourth  of  a  pint  of  milk,  3  cups 
of  flour,  and  one  half  of  a  yeast  cake.  A  pound  of  lard  con- 
tains 32  tablespoonfuls,  and  2  cups  of  flour  weigh  a  pound. 
The  average  prices  of  the  ingredients,  respectively,  are  as 
follows:  lard,  16^  a  pound;  milk,  8j£  a  quart;  flour,  $6.50  a 
barrel;  yeast  cakes,  2f£  each.  The  cost  for  salt  and  sugar  in 
making  bread  from  a  whole  barrel  of  flour  is  8^. 

From  the  above  data,  find  the  profit  in  making  3  bbl.  of 
flour  into  bread,  assuming  that  the  cost  for  fuel  for  the  en- 
tire lot  is  $1.40. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

tablespoonfuls          chief          contains          ounces  yeast 

ingredients  fuel  quantity          arranging          weighs 

produces  lard  entire  material  office 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Using  local  names,  make  out  a  bill  for  the  material  with  which 
to  make  three  barrels  of  flour  into  bread. 

2.  Write  a  letter  to  a  local  baker,  arranging  to  have  two  loaves 
of  bread  left  at  your  house  every  morning. 

3.  Write  an  advertisement  for  a  boy  wanted  to  work  in  a  bakery. 
Use  local  names. 

4.  Assume  that  you  are  looking  for  a  position.  Write  an  ap- 
plication for  the  position  as  advertised  in  Exercise  3. 


54  VOCATIONAL   ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  44.  Farming 

Name  several  common  farm  products.  Name  several  different 
kinds  of  apples.  What  is  a  creamery?  Give  the  table  for  avoirdu- 
pois weight.  Name  some  factors  that  govern  the  prices  of  farm 
products. 

During  the  month  of  November,  a  farmer,  Mr.  Edward 
Wells,  sold  the  following  products:  32  bbl.  of  potatoes  at 
$2.50  a  barrel;  20  bbl.  of  apples  at  $3  a  barrel;  450  Ib.  of  pork 
at  $9  a  hundredweight;  40  fowls  at  50^  each,  live  weight; 
10  turkeys  each  weighing  12  Ib.  at  25^  a  pound,  dressed;  18 
eggs  a  day  at  40^  a  dozen;  6000  Ib.  of  hay  at  $20  a  ton. 
The  amount  of  milk  produced  averaged  150  Ib.  a  day.  This 
was  sold  at  a  creamery  at  $2  a  hundredweight. 

Expenses  for  the  month  were  as  follows :  2  tons  of  bran  at 
$1.50  a  hundredweight;  a  half- ton  of  meal  at  $1.60  a  hundred- 
weight; labor,  30  days  at  $1.75  a  day;  one  double  harness  at 
$60;  groceries,  $18. 

From  the  above  data,  find  the  farmer's  net  proceeds  for 
the  month.  At  the  same  rate,  find  the  proceeds  for  a  year, 
counting  thirty  days  to  a  month. 

FOR    SPELLING   AND   DEFINING 

products  creamery          factors  barrel  potatoes 

avoirdupois          weight  turkeys          bran  harness 

groceries  proceeds          apples  fowls  govern 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  to  some  local  dealer  to  make  a  sale  for  the  potatoes. 

2.  Supplying  local  names,  make  out  a  bill  for  the  pork,  fowls, 
and  turkeys. 

3.  Using  local  names,  make  out  a  check  to  pay  for  the  feed. 

4.  Assume  that  the  farmer  wishes  to  discontinue  the  sale  of 
milk  at  the  creamery.    Supply  the  name  of  a  superintendent  and 
write  a  letter  accordingly. 


MAPLE   SYRUP   INDUSTRY  55 

Lesson  45.  Maple  Syrup  Industry 

Why  is  it  necessary  to  restrict  the  maple  syrup  industry  to  a  par- 
ticular time  of  year?  Can  maple  sugar  be  made  from  maple  syrup? 
How?  Are  there  any  substitutes  for  maple  syrup?  How  is  the 
syrup  obtained  from  the  sap?  Name  different  kinds  of  maple 
trees.  What  particular  kind  is  used  for  sugar  making? 

Mr.  L.  Rude  has  a  sap  bush  consisting  of  100  large  maple 
trees.  He  decided  to  tap  the  trees,  and  accordingly  he  ordered 
the  following  tools  from  Mead,  Searles,  &  Co.,  Chicago,  111.: 
three  spiles  for  each  tree,  at  4^  each;  one  bucket  for  each 
tree,  at  10^  each;  one  axe  at  $1 ;  one  brace  and  bit  at  75^;  one 
kettle  at  $3;  one  sapyoke  at  $1.25.  Freight  amounted  to  $1. 

The  trees  were  tapped  April  1,  and  the  run  of  sap  lasted 
10  days;  the  average  amount  of  sap  procured  from  a  tree  was 
10  qt.  a  day.  It  took  25  qt.  of  sap  to  make  one  quart  of  syrup. 
The  syrup  was  sold  at  $1.25  a  gallon.  The  tools  were  sold 
at  the  close  of  the  season  for  $14.  Find  how  much  the  farmer 
realized  a  day  for  making  syrup. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


procured 

kettle 

consisting 

substitutes 

spiles 

necessary 

restrict 

industry 

settlement 

syrup 

obtained 

decided 

bucket 

particular 

brace 

tapped 

arrived 

telephone 

sapyoke 

tools 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  the  bill  for  the  tools.    Write  a  letter  to  enclose 
with  the  bill,  asking  for  a  prompt  settlement. 

2.  Make  out  a  check  to  pay  the  bill. 

3.  Write  a  letter  to  some  local  grocer  to  make  sale  for  the  syrup. 
Speak  of  the  price  and  quality  of  the  goods. 

4.  Write  the  words  most  likely  used  in  calling  the  freight  office 
by  telephone,  to  find  out  whether  the  tools  had  arrived. 


56  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  46.  Truck  Gardening 

Name  several  kinds  of  vegetables  seen  in  market.  Mention  ways 
in  which  cabbage  is  used.  Give  the  table  for  linear  measure. 

A  gardener  had  a  plot  of  ground  ten  rods  square  that  he 
wished  to  set  out  to  cabbage.  Accordingly,  he  hired  the 
ground  plowed  and  harrowed,  paying  $8  an  acre  for  the 
work.  He  planned  to  have  the  rows  3  ft.  apart,  the  first  row 
being  18  hi.  from  the  edge  of  the  field.  The  plants  were  to  be 
set  2  ft.  apart  in  the  row,  the  first  plant  being  set  6  in.  from 
the  ends  of  the  rows  (83  plants  to  the  row).  The  plants  were 
bought  at  a  cost  of  10j£  a  hundred.  The  cost  for  fertilizer 
was  $28.43.  In  setting  the  plants,  it  was  necessary  to  hire 
two  men  three  days,  paying  them  each  $2  a  day.  The  plants 
were  hoed  five  times.  It  took  two  men  two  days  each  time 
to  hoe  the  field.  They  each  received  $2  a  day. 

Five  hundred  sixty-five  plants  failed  to  mature.  One 
fourth  of  the  remainder  were  sold  as  "  seconds  "  at  3j£  a  head. 
One  thousand  select  heads  were  drawn  to  market  and  sold 
at  6£  a  head.  Two  thousand  heads  were  sold  in  the  field  at 
5j£  a  head.  Find  how  much  the  gardener  realized  above  ex- 
penses from  his  cabbage  crop. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

linear  vegetables  hoed  plowed  harrowed 

mature  fertilizer  crop  gardener          received 

quality  remainder  select          realized  necessary 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Advertise  for  men  to  work  at  gardening.    Supply  names. 

2.  Assume  that  you  are  the  gardener.    Write  to  some  dealer  in 
vegetables  to  make  sale  for  the  select  cabbage.    Explain  fully  the 
kind  and  quality  and  what  the  goods  should  bring  in  market. 

3.  Write  a  reply  to  the  above  letter. 


WHEAT   RAISING  57 

Lesson  47.  Wheat  Raising 

Name  a  section  of  the  country  noted  for  the  production  of  wheat. 
How  is  flour  made?  What  are  the  uses  of  flour?  Name  several 
kinds  of  flour.  Give  the  table  for  square  measure.  Mention  dif- 
ferent ways  of  plowing  the  ground. 

Mr.  Thomas  Brown  had  a  field  one  half  mile  long  and  one 
quarter  of  a  mile  wide,  which  he  wished  sowed  to  wheat. 
Accordingly,  he  hired  a  man  with  two  gang  plows  to  do  the 
plowing.  The  price  paid  was  $30  a  day  for  each  plow,  and 
each  turned  ten  acres  a  day.  It  required  six  pecks  of  seed  for 
an  acre,  and  this  cost  70^  a  bushel.  Two  teams  with  drills 
were  secured  to  sow  the  grain.  Each  team  drilled  ten  acres 
a  day,  and  the  price  paid  for  their  services  was  $6  a  day  for 
each  team.  Harvesting  cost  $2  an  acre.  Threshing  cost  4Jj£ 
a  bushel.  The  cost  for  cartage  and  incidentals  amounted  to 
16^  a  bushel.  The  yield  was  24  bu.  to  the  acre,  and  the  grain 
was  sold  at  65^  a  bushel.  Find  the  farmer's  net  receipts  from 
his  wheat  crop. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

required  flour  field  sowed  gang  plow 

threshing          acre  secured          services  harvesting 

square  cartage          receipts          deposit  production 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  a  check  to  pay  Mr.  Albert  Harris  for  plowing  the 
field. 

2.  Supply  the  name  of  some  grain  dealer  and  make  out  a  bill  for 
the  wheat. 

3.  Assume  that  the  farmer  wishes  to  deposit  the  money  received 
for  wheat  in  some  local  bank.  Write  a  letter,  enclosing  the  money. 

4.  Write  an  acknowledgment  of  the  receipt  of  the  money  by 
the  bank. 


68  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  48.  Corn  Raising 

State  some  uses  of  corn.  Name  a  section  of  the  country  noted  for 
corn  raising.  What  is  the  use  of  phosphate?  What  use  is  made  of 
cornstalks? 

A  farmer  having  a  field  40  rd.  square  wished  to  have  it 
planted  to  corn  on  shares.  Accordingly,  a  neighbor,  Mr.  G. 
Fisk,  agreed  to  plant  the  field,  crib  the  corn,  and  stack  the 
stalks  for  one  half  the  crop,  provided  the  owner  would  pay 
for  one  half  the  seed,  phosphate,  and  husking.  The  offer  was 
accepted.  The  corn  was  planted  June  20.  The  amount  of 
fertilizer  used  was  300  Ib.  per  acre,  and  it  cost  $30  a  ton.  It 
required  six  quarts  of  seed  corn  per  acre,  and  the  corn  cost 
$1.28  a  bushel.  The  yield  was  100  bu.  of  corn  on  the  cob  per 
acre.  The  field  yielded  two  tons  of  stalks  per  acre.  It  cost 
5ff  a  bushel  to  get  the  corn  husked,  and  this  included  stack- 
ing the  stalks  and  cribbing  the  corn.  The  corn  was  sold  for 
80^  a  bushel  after  it  was  shelled.  The  cost  for  shelling  was 
borne  by  the  purchaser.  It  required  2  bu.  of  corn  on  the  cob 
to  make  one  bushel  of  shelled  corn.  The  stalks  were  sold  for 
$6  a  ton  in  the  stack.  It  cost  the  neighbor  20  per  cent  of 
what  the  owner  received  for  his  share  of  the  net  receipts  for 
hired  help.  Find  how  much  each  man  realized  from  the  crop. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

phosphate        cornstalks          shelled          owner  accepted 

fertilizer  department        yielded         stacking         neighbor 

purchaser         agriculture         realized         husker  pamphlet 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  a  letter  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  asking  for  a  pamphlet  on  "Corn  Raising." 

2.  Write  to  a  local  feed  dealer  to  make  sale  for  the  corn. 

3.  Write  to  a  steam  husker  to  engage  him  to  husk  the  corn. 


POTATO  RAISING  59 

Lesson  49.  Potato  Raising 

Discuss  the  value  of  the  potato  as  a  food.  Why  is  it  necessary  to 
spray  the  potato  field  with  Paris  green?  How  are  potatoes  kept 
during  the  winter?  What  is  the  purpose  of  phosphate? 

A  farmer,  Mr.  C.  Knapp,  had  a  field  forty  rods  long  and 
four  rods  wide  which  he  wished  to  plant  to  potatoes.  Accord- 
ingly, he  paid  $5  an  acre  for  plowing  and  one  half  as  much  for 
harrowing  and  marking.  The  rows  were  put  3  ft.  apart  each 
way  and  18  in.  from  the  edge  of  the  field  on  all  sides.  It  re- 
quired 2  bbl.  of  potatoes  to  plant  the  field,  and  these  cost  $3 
a  barrel.  It  required  1000  Ib.  of  phosphate  for  the  field,  and 
this  cost  $30  a  ton.  A  man  was  hired  four  days  at  $1.50  a  day 
to  plant  the  potatoes.  Spraying  with  Paris  green,  once,  cost 
$2.65.  The  potatoes  were  cultivated  and  hoed  three  times  at 
a  cost  of  $6  each  tune.  It  cost  12£  a  barrel  of  eleven  pecks 
to  get  the  potatoes  dug,  and  the  average  yield  per  hill  was  one 
quart  of  potatoes.  The  crop  was  sold  at  $2.50  a  barrel,  and 
it  cost  25^  a  barrel  for  hauling.  Find  how  much  the  farmer 
realized  from  his  potato  crop. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


discuss 

phosphate 

spray 

potato 

acre 

plowing 

harrowing 

plant 

marking 

hired 

spraying 

cultivated 

yield 

hauling 

forty 

crop 

favorable 

value 

realized 

peck 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  an  order  to  some  dealer  for  one  half  ton  of  phosphate. 

2.  Write  a  letter  to  some  local  dealer  to  make  sale  for  the  pota- 
toes. 

3.  Write  a  favorable  answer  to  the  above  letter. 

4.  Write  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  B.C., 
asking  for  a  pamphlet  on  "Potato  Growing." 


60  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  50.  Sugar  Beet  Industry 

Name  several  different  kinds  of  sugar.  Name  sections  of  the 
country  that  produce  sugar.  Name  the  most  common  sugar  pro- 
ducing plants.  What  form  of  sugar  is  most  commonly  seen  in  mar- 
ket? 

A  farmer  had  a  field  containing  20  acres,  which  he  sowed 
with  sugar  beet  seed.  It  required  20  Ib.  of  seed  for  an  acre, 
and  the  seed  cost  15^  a  pound.  He  paid  $5.50  an  acre  for 
thinning,  $8  an  acre  for  weeding,  and  $6  an  acre  for  gather- 
ing and  topping.  The  cost  for  seed,  thinning,  weeding,  top- 
ping, and  pulling  was  only  50  per  cent  of  the  entire  cost  of 
the  beets  delivered  at  the  sugar  factory.  The  yield  was  15 
tons  to  the  acre,  and  in  removing  the  dirt  there  was  a  shrink- 
age of  10  per  cent  on  the  above  yield.  The  farmer  hired 
the  sugar  prepared  for  market  at  the  factory,  paying  $2.50 
a  hundredweight  for  the  preparation.  The  beets  yielded 
220  lb.  of  sugar  per  ton.  After  the  sugar  was  ready  for  mar- 
ket, it  was  sold  at  the  factory  for  $4.75  a  hundredweight. 
Find  the  farmer's  profits  on  the  crop.  How  much  an  acre? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

sections  produce  sowed  thinning         weeding 

gathering          topping  delivered         factory  yield 

removing          shrinkage         prepared          crop  suitable 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Supplying  appropriate  names,  write  to  some  sugar-making 
concern  or  company  to  arrange  for  making  the  sugar  from  the 
above  crop  of  beets. 

2.  Write  a  favorable  reply  to  the  above  letter. 

3.  Assume  that  help  is  wanted  to  work  in  the  beet  field.  Draw  up 
a  suitable  advertisement  for  the  same.     Supply  name. 

4.  Answer  the  above  advertisement.     Sign  your  name. 


STRAWBERRY   RAISING  61 

Lesson  51.    Strawberry  Raising 

How  many  rods  in  an  acre?  What  part  of  an  acre  is  a  plot  ten 
rods  square?  Name  a  good  berry  market  in  this  section.  Tell  what 
you  know  about  shipping  berries  long  distances. 

A  fanner  had  a  plot  of  ground  ten  rods  square  which  he  had 
set  with  strawberries.  He  hired  it  plowed  and  harrowed, 
paying  $8  an  acre  for  the  work.  The  plants  were  set  12  in. 
apart  in  the  rows,  and  the  rows  were  3  ft.  apart.  The  plants 
were  started  6  in.  from  the  ends  of  the  rows,  and  the  rows 
started  18  in.  from  the  edges  of  the  field.  The  plants  cost  20j£ 
a  hundred,  and  it  cost  10^  a  hundred  to  get  them  set.  The 
farmer  hired  a  man  with  a  horse  five  days  at  $3  a  day  to  cul- 
tivate the  berries.  The  berries  were  hoed  four  times,  and  it 
took  two  men  four  days  each  time  the  berries  were  hoed.  The 
men  each  received  $2  a  day.  Weeding  was  done  twice,  and 
each  tune  it  took  two  men  five  days.  They  each  received  $2 
a  day.  The  berries  were  ready  for  picking  the  following  June. 
The  plot  yielded  three  pickings  a  week  for  three  weeks,  and 
the  average  yield  was  1000  baskets  each  picking.  The  cost 
for  picking  was  2^  a  basket;  for  drawing,  1^  a  basket.  The 
baskets  cost  50^  a  hundred;  the  crates,  $4  for  the  season. 
The  average  price  received  for  the  berries  was  10^  a  basket. 

Find  the  farmer's  net  income  from  the  berry  crop. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

farmer          cultivate  section  plowed          harrowed 

plot  shipping  weeding          picking          yielded 

season          strawberries          basket  market          distance 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Mr.  Fred  Adams  picked  one  hundred  baskets  of  berries  each 
picking;  he  drew  three  thousand  baskets  to  market,  and  hoed  ber- 
ries sixteen  days.  Make  out  the  bill  to  yourself. 


62  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  52.  Tea  Raising 

What  is  meant  by  the  term  " staple  article"?  What  can  you  say 
of  tea  as  a  staple  article?  Give  some  idea  of  how  extensively  tea  is 
used.  Name  a  country  that  produces  much  tea.  Give  some  idea 
of  the  retail  price  of  tea. 

Tea,  as  we  buy  it  at  the  store,  is  prepared  from  the  leaves 
of  the  tea  plant.  After  picking,  the  leaves  are  withered,  rolled 
to  break  the  oil  cells,  and  then  dried  on  large  trays.  The  tea 
is  then  put  into  chests  containing  40  Ib.  each,  for  shipment. 

A  man  in  India  had  a  tea  plantation  containing  89  rows 
of  plants,  and  each  row  contained  240  plants.  The  average 
amount  of  green  leaves  picked  from  a  plant  for  the  season 
was  Ij  ib.  The  owner  paid  1%£  a  pound  for  picking.  After 
the  tea  was  cured  and  dried,  it  had  decreased  80  per  cent  in 
weight.  The  cost  for  curing  and  packing  into  chests  was  one 
fourth  of  the  amount  received  for  the  dried  tea.  The  tea 
was  sold  by  the  chest  at  14^  a  pound.  Find  how  much  the 
owner  realized  from  his  crop. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

withered          staple  prepared  extensively  picking 

decreased        article          chests  plantation  cured 

realized  trays  purchaser         acknowledge        India 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Assume  that  you  are  in  the  grocery  business.  Order  five  chests 
of  tea  from  Jones  and  Company,  Boston,  Mass.,  the  price  of  the 
tea  being  22^  a  pound. 

2.  Make  out  the  bill  for  the  tea. 

3.  Write  a  check  to  pay  for  the  tea. 

4.  Write  a  letter  acknowledging  receipt  of  the  check  and  thank- 
ing the  purchaser  for  same. 


COFFEE  RAISING  63 

Lesson  53.  Coffee  Raising 

Name  a  country  noted  for  the  production  of  coffee.  Distinguish 
between  imports  and  exports.  Compare  coffee  with  tea  as  to  use. 
How  would  you  make  a  cup  of  coffee? 

A  man  in  Brazil  had  a  piece  of  land  100  rd.  long  and  40  rd. 
wide  on  which  were  planted  416  coffee  trees  to  the  acre.  After 
gathering  the  coffee  for  the  season,  it  was  found  that  the  aver- 
age yield  was  1  ^  Ib.  per  tree.  The  care  of  the  trees  for  the 
season  cost  the  owner  l^  a  pound  for  the  coffee  produced. 
It  cost  him  3^  a  pound  to  harvest  and  sack  the  coffee.  The 
cost  to  export  the  coffee  to  San  Francisco,  CaL,  cost  f  i  a 
pound.  The  coffee  was  sold  by  the  sack  to  a  roaster,  the 
price  being  8^  a  pound.  In  roasting,  the  coffee  decreased  15 
per  cent  in  weight,  but  it  was  then  sold  by  the  roaster  for 
15^  a  pound.  Find  the  net  receipts  for  both  the  producer 
and  the  roaster. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


planted 

coffee 

production 

imports 

Brazil 

receipts 

gathering 

San  Francisco 

exports 

roaster 

tracer 

grocer 

instructing 

harvest 

delayed 

season 

noted 

distinguish 

shipment 

rod 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Supplying  the  name  of  a  local  grocer,  order  200  ft.  of  coffee 
from  H.  Smith  and  Company,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

2.  Write  an  acknowledgment  of  the  above  order,  instructing  the 
purchaser  regarding  shipment. 

3.  Assume  that  the  coffee  was  delayed  on  the  railroad.  Write  a 
telegram  asking  the  company  to  send  a  tracer  after  the  goods. 

4.  Write  a  paragraph  recommending  the  use  of  some  particu- 
lar brand  of  coffee. 


64  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  54.   Fruit  Growing 

Name  some  common  varieties  of  apples.  What  uses  are  made  of 
apples?  How  may  frost  affect  the  price  of  apples?  Where  is  Wash- 
ington, D.C.?  Why  important? 

A  farmer,  Mr.  Hoag,  had  ten  rows  of  apple  trees  set  out 
on  his  farm.  Each  row  contained  ten  trees.  Three  fifths  of 
the  trees  were  of  the  Baldwin  variety,  one  fifth  greenings,  and 
the  remainder  northern  spies.  The  trees  cost  30^  each,  and 
it  cost  5^  a  tree  to  get  them  set.  Fourteen  trees  died  the  first 
year,  four  being  the  Baldwin,  four  the  greening,  and  the  re- 
mainder northern  spies.  The  other  trees  matured.  The  cost 
for  spraying,  grubbing,  and  trimming  was  $20  a  year,  be- 
ginning with  the  second  year.  The  fifth  year,  the  trees 
yielded,  on  the  average,  one  half  barrel  per  tree.  The  Bald- 
wins were  sold  at  $2  a  barrel,  the  greenings  at  $1.75,  and  the 
spies  at  $1.50.  There  were  no  apples  the  sixth  year,  as  a  frost 
destroyed  the  blossoms.  The  seventh  year,  the  average  yield 
was  one  barrel  to  the  tree.  The  prices  received  this  year  were 
for  Baldwins,  $1.50;  greenings,  $1.25;  and  for  spies,  $1  a  bar- 
rel, respectively.  The  price  paid  for  picking  each  time  was 
10^  a  barrel.  Find  the  profit  from  the  orchard  until  the  end 
of  the  seventh  year,  counting  the  cost  for  barrels  10^  each 
and  disregarding  the  use  of  the  land. 

FOR    SPELLING    AND    DEFINING 

varieties          frost  grubbing         remainder  contained 

spraying          use  trimming         disregarding        matured 

blossoms         picking       orchard  composition        destroyed 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.C., 
asking  for  a  booklet  on  spraying  trees. 

2.  Write  a  short  composition  on  the  subject,  "  Uses  of  the  Apple." 


RICE  GROWING  65 

Lesson  55.  Rice  Growing 

Name  some  rice-producing  states.  What  is  meant  by  irrigation? 
Discuss  the  value  of  rice  as  an  article  of  food.  What  class  of  people 
is  noted  for  the  consumption  of  much  rice?  What  kind  of  land  is 
required  for  rice  growing? 

Unlike  the  other  cereals,  rice  is  a  grain  that  requires  very 
much  water.  The  seed  is  sown,  and  immediately  the  field 
must  be  flooded  with  water.  When  the  crop  is  ready  for  har- 
vesting, the  field  is  drained. 

The  amount  of  rice  usually  sown  on  an  acre  is  two  and  one 
half  bushels.  A  farmer  in  Louisiana  sowed  50  bu.,  from  which 
he  received  a  yield  of  1620  Ib.  to  the  acre.  He  gave  one  fifth 
of  the  crop  for  irrigating  his  field.  It  cost  him  $18.25  an  acre 
to  raise  the  rice,  aside  from  the  expense  for  irrigating  and 
harvesting.  He  employed  a  man  with  a  team  to  harvest  the 
grain  at  a  cost  of  50^  an  acre.  Counting  45  Ib.  to  the  bushel, 
nnd  how  much  the  farmer  realized  from  his  crop,  having  sold 
the  rice  for  90^  a  bushel. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

producing  drained  field  acknowledgment  Louisiana 

wholesale  cereals  yield  consumption  usually 

realized  article  bushel  harvesting  discuss 

irrigation  notice  dealer  immediately  received 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  an  order  from  some  wholesale  dealer  in  Jersey  City, 
N.J.,  to  some  rice  grower  in  Louisiana,  for  50  bu.  of  rice. 

2.  Write  an  acknowledgment  of  the  above  order  for  rice. 

3.  Assume  that  the  rice  has  arrived  at  the  Pennsylvania  Freight 
House,  Jersey  City,  N.J.   Write  a  notice  of  arrival  to  the  dealer. 

4.  The  dealer  wishes   to  inform  the   Railroad  Company  by 
postal  that  he  will  unload  the  rice  immediately.    Write  the  form. 


66  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  56.  Peanut  Raising 

Name  a  section  of  the  United  States  noted  for  the  production  of 
peanuts.  About  what  is  the  retail  price  of  peanuts?  How  are  pea- 
nuts most  commonly  retailed?  How  many  rods  in  an  acre? 

A  farmer  in  Virginia  had  a  field  40  rd.  square  which  he  de- 
cided to  devote  to  the  production  of  peanuts.  He  paid  $2.50 
an  acre  to  have  the  ground  prepared.  The  seed  cost  $1.10 
a  bushel,  and  it  required  2  bu.  to  the  acre  to  plant  the  field. 
The  following  expenses  per  acre  were  incurred  in  producing 
the  crop:  planting,  $1.15;  cultivating,  $4.80;  harvesting, 
$16.50.  The  average  yield  per  acre  was  60  bu.  Eighty  per 
cent  of  the  crop  was  sold  in  the  field  at  95^  a  bushel,  while 
the  balance  of  the  crop  was  shipped  to  market  at  a  cost  of 
15^  a  bushel  for  transportation  and  sold  at  $1.25  a  bushel. 
Find  the  net  receipts  for  the  peanut  crop.  How  much  would 
the  farmer  have  gained  by  shipping  the  entire  crop? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

transportation  devote  incurred  receipts  statement 

appropriate  yield  peanuts  notifying  cultivating 

harvesting  retail  Virginia  balance  prepared 

production  broker  proceeds  privilege  shipment 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  A  man  paid  $5  for  the  privilege  of  selling  peanuts  at  a  picnic. 
He  sold  6  bu.  at  the  rate  of  5#  a  pint.  The  peanuts  cost  him  $1.50 
a  bushel.   Make  out  a  statement  to  show  the  proceeds. 

2.  Supplying  appropriate  names,  make  out  bills  for  the  pea- 
nuts sold  by  the  Virginia  farmer. 

3.  Write  a  letter  from  a  shipper  in  Richmond,  Va.,  to  a  broker 
in  Chicago,  111.,  notifying  the  latter  of  a  shipment  of  peanuts. 

4.  Write  a  reply  from  the  broker  in  Chicago,  acknowledging 
receipt  of  the  goods. 


POULTRY   INDUSTRY  67 

Lesson  57.  Poultry  Industry 

Name  several  different  kinds  of  hens.  Why  is  the  price  of  fresh 
eggs  so  high  during  the  winter?  What  is  the  substitute  for  fresh 
eggs?  Name  several  uses  of  eggs.  Name  several  different  kinds 
of  food  suitable  for  hens. 

A  man  taking  up  the  poultry  business  decided  to  construct 
his  own  building.  The  lumber  required  was  as  follows:  500 
ft.  of  " two-by-fours"  at  $20  a  thousand;  2500  ft.  of  siding  at 
$30  a  thousand;  eight  squares  of  steel  roofing  at  $5  a  square; 
500  ft.  of  plank  at  $25  a  thousand.  The  lumber  was  bought 
of  a  local  dealer  and  delivered  at  the  above  prices.  The  poul- 
tryman  bought  35  white  leghorn  hens  at  60^  each,  and  poul- 
try food  to  the  amount  of  $20,  which  was  sufficient  to  last 
the  hens  three  months  of  thirty  days  to  the  month. 

If  the  hens  layed,  on  the  average,  24  eggs  a  day  for  the 
three  months,  and  eggs  were  worth  50 £  a  dozen,  how  much 
would  the  business  still  owe  the  man  at  the  end  of  the  three 
months,  counting  his  services  50^  a  day  for  each  day  during 
the  entire  tune? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

different  substitute          poultry          decided  lumber 

siding  squares  local  delivered          leghorn 

sufficient          services  plank  hatching          roofing 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  a  bill  for  the  lumber,  using  local  names. 

2.  Supplying  common  names,  write  a  letter  to  find  out  the  price 
of  50  plymouth  rock  hens. 

3.  Assume  that  you  are  starting  in  the  poultry  business.  Write 
a  letter  to  a  friend,  telling  your  plans. 

4.  Advertise  white  leghorn  eggs  for  hatching.    State  the  price 
and  use  your  own  address. 


68  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  58.  Oyster  Industry 

Name  a  locality  noted  for  the  production  of  oysters.  Where  is 
Baltimore?  State  the  uses  of  oysters.  At  what  season  of  the  year 
are  oysters  considered  not  very  good?  How  may  oysters  be  pre- 
served? 

Two  men,  Messrs.  Brown  and  Hall,  Baltimore,  Md., 
staked  200  acres  of  beach  land  in  Chesapeake  Bay  for  the 
purpose  of  planting  oysters.  Accordingly,  they  bought  1500 
bu.  of  oyster  shells  with  which  to  cover  the  ground.  The 
shells  cost  3j£  a  bushel,  delivered  at  the  beach.  The  average 
number  of  seed  oysters  per  barrel  was  12,000.  The  seed  cost 
one  cent  a  hundred,  and  it  required  30  bbl.  of  seed  for  an 
acre. 

One  twelfth  of  the  oysters  planted  were  lost  or  stolen,  and 
one  eleventh  of  the  remainder  were  destroyed  by  sea  animals. 
Forty  per  cent  of  those  that  matured  were  gathered,  of  which 
12  J  per  cent  were  sold  as  select  oysters  at  80^  a  hundred. 
The  balance  of  the  crop  gathered  was  sold  at  40^  a  hundred. 
If  the  two  men  worked  at  the  business  six  years,  dividing  the 
profits  equally,  find  how  much  each  received  a  year  for  his 
labor,  allowing  50  per  cent  of  the  receipts  for  hired  help. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


locality 
preserved 
matured 
equally 

production 
Chesapeake 
gathered 
Baltimore 

noted 
planted 
select 
staked 

considered 
destroyed 
balance 
specified 

oysters 
animals 
dividing 
beach 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Supplying  appropriate  names,  make  out  a  bill  for  500  select 
oysters  and  500  second  grade  oysters  at  the  prices  specified  above. 

2.  Make  out  a  check  to  pay  the  bill. 

3.  Write  a  short  composition  on  the  oyster  industry. 


SHEEP  RAISING  69 

Lesson  59.  Sheep  Raising 

Name  some  articles  made  of  wool.  Why  is  a  woolen  garment 
better  than  one  made  of  cotton?  Name  a  section  of  the  United 
States  noted  for  sheep  raising.  What  is  mutton? 

A  speculator  bought  fifty  sheep  May  1,  1912,  at  a  cost  of 
$8  a  head.  He  hired  them  pastured  for  the  summer,  paying 
$1  a  head  for  the  season.  The  sheep  were  stabled  October  1, 
following,  when  it  was  necessary  to  feed  them  hay  and  gram. 
It  takes,  on  the  average,  3000  Ib.  of  hay  to  winter  a  cow,  and 
ten  sheep  will  eat  as  much  as  one  cow.  The  hay  is  worth 
$20  a  ton.  The  grain  consumed  was  at  the  rate  of  2  bu.  a 
month  for  ten  sheep.  The  grain  cost  80^  a  bushel.  May  1, 
1913,  the  sheep  were  shorn  and  turned  out  to  pasture.  The 
average  weight  of  each  fleece  was  5  Ib.  The  wool  was  sold 
at  25^  a  pound.  It  cost  15^  a  head  for  shearing.  At  this  time, 
the  flock  had  doubled  in  number,  and  the  lambs  were  sold 
three  months  later  at  $7  a  head.  After  paying  pasturage  for 
the  old  sheep  until  October  following,  five  sheep  were  lost, 
and  the  others  were  sold  at  $8  a  head.  Find  the  result  of  the 
speculation,  counting  $30  for  barn  rent  and  a  chore  boy. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

articles  woolen  garment  pastured         fleece 

sheep  raising        mutton  speculator         doubled          chore 

stabled  necessary         consumed         shearing          rent 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Assume  that  five  sheep  were  lost.   Write  an  advertisement 
for  publication.   Sign  your  own  name. 

2.  Assume  that  Mr.  B.  Adsit  has  found  five  sheep.  Write  his 
answer  to  the  above  notice. 

3.  Using  local  names,  make  out  a  bill  for  the  hay  and  grain  con- 
sumed by  the  sheep  while  in  the  stable. 


70  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  60.  Hog  Raising 

Name  several  kinds  of  meat  produced  from  the  hog.  Name  and 
locate  a  city  noted  for  meat  packing.  Describe  a  meat  market. 
Name  one  in  your  town  or  city. 

A  man  bought  four  hogs  October  1,  1912,  at  $10  apiece. 
The  hogs  were  kept  until  the  first  day  of  May  following, 
when  the  number  had  increased  to  44.  Until  this  time  the 
hogs  had  each  eaten  2  qt.  of  grain  a  day.  On  June  1,  20  of 
the  young  pigs  were  sold  at  $3.50  each.  The  remainder  of 
the  pigs  were  kept  until  November  1,  when  they  were  sold 
for  pork  at  $10  a  hundredweight,  the  average  weight  being 
200  Ib.  each.  The  pigs  each  ate  2  qt.  of  grain  a  day  for  the 
first  four  months,  beginning  June  1.  The  remainder  of  the 
time  they  ate  double  that  amount.  The  old  hogs  were  each 
fed  4  qt.  a  day  from  May  1  until  September  1,  when  they 
were  sold  at  $9.50  a  hundredweight,  dressed.  The  average 
weight  per  hog  was  350  Ib.  Labor  and  incidentals  amounted 
to  $20.  Assuming  that  the  grain  was  worth  80^  a  bushel, 
find  the  profit  from  the  business. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


produced 

packing 

remainder 

eaten 

amount 

average 

weight 

increased 

double 

bushel 

quarts 

labor 

beginning 

worth 

describe 

business 

pork 

suitable 

locate 

apiece 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  B.C., 
asking  for  a  booklet  on  "Hog  Raising." 

2.  Mr.  C.  Vickery  has  twenty  pigs  to  sell.    Write  an  adver- 
tisement for  the  same,  suitable  for  newspaper  use. 

3.  Write  a  letter  from  a  farmer  to  some  dealer  in  meat  to  make 
sale  for  1400  Ib.  of  pork. 


STOCK  RAISING  71 

Lesson  61.  Stock  Raising 

Distinguish  between  the  terms  veai  and  beef.  Why  do  milkmen 
not  want  cows  that  are  very  young?  What  is  done  with  cows  that 
are  too  old  for  the  dairy?  State  some  conditions  necessary  to  suc- 
cessful stock  raising.  What  is  meant  by  the  term  "  on  the  hoof"? 

A  man  has  a  pasture  that  will  keep  35  yearlings  or  21  cows 
from  May  1  until  October  1.  The  usual  rate  for  pasturage 
for  the  season  is  $3  for  yearlings  and  $5  for  cows.  He  de- 
cided to  take  up  stock  raising  and  not  rent  the  pasture.  Ac- 
cordingly, on  May  1,  he  bought  35  yearlings  at  $10  a  head. 
After  pasturing  them  until  October,  the  man  hired  a  barn, 
paying  $5  a  month  as  rent  for  the  winter.  The  average  amount 
of  hay  consumed  per  head  for  the  winter  was  1800  ft).,  and 
this  cost  $16  a  ton,  delivered.  The  average  amount  of  grain 
consumed  was  30  Ib.  per  head,  each  month  while  in  the  stable. 
The  grain  was  delivered  at  $28  a  ton.  The  stock  was  sold 
May  1.  Fifteen  head  were  sold  for  beef.  They  were  sold  on 
the  hoof  at  7f£  a  pound.  The  average  weight  was  450  Ib. 
The  others  were  sold  at  $30  a  head  as  cows,  except  one 
which  died.  Allowing  $20  a  month  for  a  chore  boy  and  $25 
for  fence  repairs,  find  the  profit  or  loss  in  the  undertaking. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

distinguish      yearlings        veal  dairy      usual       conditions 

successful        consumed      pasture       hoof        chore      necessary 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Using  local  names,  make  out  a  bill  for  the  feed  used. 

2.  Write  a  letter  to  some  dealer  in  hay,  asking  for  a  price.   Ask 
for  all  necessary  information  on  the  subject.  Sign  your  own  name. 

3.  Write  a  favorable  answer  to  the  above  letter. 

4.  Selecting  local  names,  write  a  receipt  to  cover  payment  for 
the  stock  sold  for  beef. 


72  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  62.  Cotton  Raising 

Name  some  of  the  uses  of  cotton.  Name  a  section  of  the  United 
States  noted  for  the  production  of  cotton.  What  is  a  cotton  gin? 
How  did  the  invention  of  the  cotton  gin  affect  the  amount  of  cotton 
produced? 

A  farmer  rented  a  piece  of  land  a  half-mile  long  and  twenty 
rods  wide  for  the  purpose  of  raising  cotton.  He  agreed  to 
give  the  owner  20  per  cent  of  the  receipts  from  the  crop  for 
the  use  of  the  ground.  The  cost  per  acre  for  raising  and  mar- 
keting the  cotton  was  $8.70.  The  yield  per  acre  was  480  Ib. 
of  seed  cotton,  one  third  of  which  was  lint  and  the  remainder 
seed.  The  lint  was  sold  at  6i^  a  pound,  and  the  seed  was  sold 
at  13j£  a  bushel.  The  weight  of  a  bushel  of  seed  is  30  R).  Had 
the  farmer  paid  $2  an  acre  for  the  use  of  the  ground  instead 
of  20  per  cent  of  the  receipts,  would  he  have  gained  or  lost 
by  so  doing  and  how  much? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


production 
invention 
ordinary 
quarter 

rented 
gin 
lint 
instead 

remainder 
proceeds 
thirteen 
bureau 

affect 
engage 
bushel 
broker 

employment 
marketing 
probable 
receipts 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  to  some  employment  bureau  in  Richmond,  Va.,  to  en- 
gage twenty  cotton  pickers  to  pick  cotton  at  one  cent  a  pound. 
Supply  necessary  names. 

2.  Write  a  reasonable  reply  to  the  above  letter.   Inquire  when 
the  pickers  will  be  needed. 

3.  Supplying  ordinary  names,  write  a  letter  to  a  broker  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  to  make  sale  for  the  cotton  above  mentioned. 

4.  Assume  that  the  broker  wishes  to  buy  the  cotton.    Write  a 
letter  to  that  effect. 


SILK   INDUSTRY  73 

Lesson  63.  Silk  Industry 

Name  a  country  noted  for  the  production  of  silk.  State  some 
uses  of  the  mulberry  tree.  Name  several  articles  made  of  silk.  Dis- 
cuss the  wearing  qualities  of  silk. 

Silk  is  obtained  from  the  silkworm,  which  feeds  on  the 
mulberry  tree.  The  worm  forms  a  cocoon  about  itself  with 
its  silk  thread  and,  if  undisturbed,  will  emerge  later  in  the 
form  of  a  moth.  The  worms  are  killed,  however,  by  placing 
the  cocoons  in  an  oven  in  order  to  prevent  the  moth  from 
breaking  the  silk  thread. 

Mr.  C.  Bradley  bought  12  oz.  of  silkworm  eggs,  paying 
$1.95  an  ounce.  The  average  number  of  eggs  in  an  ounce  was 
3952.  Only  50  per  cent  of  the  eggs  hatched.  It  was  found 
that  the  worms  hatched  from  one  ounce  of  eggs  ate'one  ton 
of  mulberry  leaves,  and  each  tree  bore  125  Ib.  of  leaves.  Dur- 
ing the  feeding  period  25  per  cent  of  the  worms  died.  Each 
worm  that  developed  produced  one  cocoon.  Five  hundred 
cocoons  weighed  one  pound  after  baking;  and  25  per  cent  of 
this  weight  was  raw  silk,  which  was  sold  at  $4.50  a  pound. 
Find  the  number  of  trees  required  to  feed  the  worms  and  the 
net  receipts  for  the  silk. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

undisturbed        mulberry        production         cocoon          emerge 
nurseryman        obtained         silkworm  feeding         moth 

developed  qualities          receipts  hatched        success 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  to  Patnaude  Brothers,  Paris,  France,  to  get  a  price  on 
12  oz.  of  silkworm  eggs. 

2.  Write  to  some  nurseryman,  ordering  500  mulberry  trees. 

3.  Assume  that  you  have  taken  up  the  silk  industry.  Write  to  a 
friend,  telling  of  your  success. 


74  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  64.  Rubber  Industry 

State  some  common  uses  of  rubber.  Why  is  the  price  of  rubber 
liable  to  advance?  Name  a  country  noted  for  the  production  of 
crude  rubber.  Where  is  Para?  Is  there  any  good  substitute  in 
market  for  rubber? 

In  the  Amazon  Valley,  the  natives  tap  the  caoutchouc 
tree  and  secure  a  fluid  from  which  crude  rubber  is  obtained. 
This  is  done  by  dipping  a  paddle  into  the  fluid  and  hold- 
ing it  over  smoke. 

A  native  of  Brazil  tapped  150  trees  twice  a  month  for  six 
consecutive  months.  Each  tree  yielded  2  qt.  of  fluid  each 
time  it  was  tapped,  and  it  was  found  that  it  required  one  gal- 
lon of  the  fluid  to  make  2  3b.  of  crude  rubber.  Eighty  per 
cent  of  the  rubber  was  sold  in  New  York  at  $1.25  a  pound. 
The  remainder  of  the  product  was  sold  in  Philadelphia  at 
$1  a  pound.  The  cost  for  hired  help,  utensils,  transportation, 
etc.,  amounted  to  40  per  cent  of  the  amount  received  for  the 
product  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  Find  how  much  the 
native  actually  received  for  his  labor.  If  he  worked  twenty- 
six  days  each  month,  how  much  did  he  get  a  day? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

transportation        Philadelphia         actually        utensils        liable 
caoutchouc  consecutive  advance        native          crude 

remainder  production  product        paddle         fluid 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  a   letter   to  the  Fisk   Rubber  Company,  Chicopee, 
Mass.,  to  get  a  price  on  100  ft),  of  rubber.  Sign  your  own  name. 

2.  Write  the  probable  reply  to  the  above  letter. 

3.  Make  out  a  bill  for  the  above  goods. 

4.  Make  out  your  check  to  pay  the  above  bill.  Use  name  of  local 
bank. 


PHOTOGRAPHY  75 

Lesson  65.  Photography 

Distinguish  between  a  photograph  and  a  hand  painting.  Where 
is  Rochester?  What  railroad  passes  through  Rochester? 

A  young  man  earning  money  to  pay  his  college  expenses 
decided  to  become  an  amateur  photographer.  Accordingly, 
he  bought  a  "five  by  seven"  camera  of  the  Eastman  Kodak 
Co.,  Rochester,  N.Y.,  paying  $15  for  the  camera  and  $2.50 
for  a  tripod.  The  following  supplies  also  were  bought  of  the 
same  company:  2  doz.  Solio  paper  at  25^  a  dozen;  10  doz. 
Velox  paper  at  35^  a  dozen;  3  printing  frames  at  35^  each; 
one  pound  of  "Hypo"  at  20^;  6  developers  at  50^  a  dozen; 
3  trays  at  20^  each;  10  doz.  mounts  at  20  j£  a  dozen;  one  jar 
of  paste  at  15^;  one  red  light  at  75^;  one  bottle  of  toning  sol- 
ution at  30^;  one  bottle  of  bromide  at  15^;  one  dozen  dry 
plates  at  60^. 

With  the  above  outfit  8  doz.  pictures  were  made  and  sold 
at  25^  apiece.  It  was  found  that  for  this  lot  of  pictures  the 
actual  cost  for  materials  used  was  $6.72.  Find  the  net  profit 
on  a  single  picture,  counting  only  supplies  actually  used. 
At  this  rate,  how  many  pictures  would  it  be  necessary  to  make 
each  day  in  order  to  make  a  weekly  wage  of  $16.20?  What 
did  the  outfit  cost? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

distinguish          material  amateur         camera  tripod 

developers  solution  bromide         pictures  actual 

photograph         necessary         earning          Rochester          single 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  a  bill  for  the  articles  in  the  outfit. 

2.  Write  a  letter  to  the  Eastman  Company,  ordering  supplies 
to  the  amount  of  $25. 

3.  Write  your  check  to  pay  the  bill. 


76  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  66.  Dentistry 

Name  different  ways  of  replacing  teeth.  Name  different  kinds 
of  tooth  filling.  State  methods  for  preventing  pain  in  extracting 
teeth.  Discuss  the  importance  of  keeping  the  teeth  clean.  How 
may  we  keep  our  teeth  clean?  State  different  ways  of  injuring 
the  teeth. 

A  local  dentist  hired  a  suite  of  rooms  for  carrying  on  his 
business,  paying  $100  a  month  as  rent.  An  office  girl  was  em- 
ployed at  a  cost  of  $12  a  week.  The  gas  bill  amounted  to 
50 j£  a  week,  and  the  cost  for  electricity  was  double  that  for 
gas.  The  average  cost  per  week  for  chemicals,  gold,  silver, 
and  incidentals  was  $20.  The  dentist  paid  $8  a  week  for  his 
board,  and  spent  $4  a  week  for  amusement,  etc.  His  cloth- 
ing for  the  year  averaged  $10  a  month. 

The  average  amount  of  work  done  per  day  (312  days)  was 
one  gold  crown,  eight  teeth  filled,  and  six  teeth  extracted. 
The  average  prices  were  as  follows:  crowns,  $5  each;  fillings, 
$2  each;  extracting,  50^  a  tooth. 

From  the  above  data,  find  the  dentist's  net  profits  for  a 
year. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

crowns  dentistry        preventing     extracting       importance 

replacing       employed        chemicals       electricity       satisfactory 
suite  methods         concerning      incidentals      amusement 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  a  letter  to  a  local  dentist  to  make  a  date  for  having  a 
,;ooth  filled. 

2.  Assume  that  you  had  a  tooth  crowned  that  was  not  satisfac- 
tory.    Write  to  the  dentist  concerning  the  matter. 

3.  Assume  that  you  had  two  teeth  crowned  and  two  filled.  Make 
out  the  bill  as  you  would  receive  it  from  a  local  dentist. 


THE   DOCTOR  77 

Lesson  67.  The  Doctor 

Discuss  the  advantages  of  an  automobile  for  a  doctor's  use. 
Why  is  horse  hire  necessary  for  a  doctor?  State  the  advantages  of 
a  telephone  in  a  doctor's  office.  Name  several  doctors.  Distinguish 
between  "office  call"  and  " local  call." 

A  village  doctor  had  the  following  expenses  to  pay  during 
the  year:  board,  $8  a  week;  office  rent,  $10  a  month;  tele- 
phone, $1.50  a  month;  one  second-hand  automobile,  $400; 
250  gal.  of  gasoline  at  22^  a  gallon;  32  gal.  of  oil  at  35  j£  a 
gallon;  tires,  $30;  repairs,  $40;  horse  hire,  $60;  medicine,  $5 
a  week;  clothing,  $8  a  month;  incidentals,  $2  a  week. 

The  charge  for  office  calls  is  50^ ;  and  for  local  calls,  $1 .  The 
charge  for  out-of-town  calls  is  $1.50.  The  physician  averaged 
thirty  oiuVof-town  calls  and  ten  local  calls  a  week.  The  office 
calls  averaged  four  a  day  each  day  hi  the  week.  Find  the 
doctor's  financial  standing  at  the  end  of  the  year,  assuming 
that  he  had  no  money  at  the  outset.  (Count  even  52  weeks.) 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


medicine 
distinguish 
gasoline 
services 

expenses 
financial 
assuming 
attended 

telephone 
standing 
seriously 
several 

village 
local 
repairs 
outset 

consecutive 
automobile 
recommending 
advantage 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  the  words  you  would  use  in  calling  a  doctor  by  telephone 
for  some  one  seriously  ill.   Use  local  names. 

2.  Mr.  Robert  Pratt,  living  out  of  town,  was  attended  by  a  local 
doctor  every  day  for  two  consecutive  weeks.  Make  out  the  bill, 
supplying  the  doctor's  name. 

3.  Write  a  check  to  pay  such  a  bill. 

4.  Assume  that  a  certain  doctor  has  attended  you.  Write  to  a 
friend,  recommending  the  services  of  this  doctor. 


78  VOCATIONAL   ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  68.  The  Musician 

Name  several  different  kinds  of  musical  instruments.  Name 
three  you  consider  most  popular.  Distinguish  between  brass  band 
and  orchestra.  Name  special  occasions  where  instrumental  music 
is  in  demand. 

A  musician  has  a  regular  appointment  to  play  every  Friday 
night,  for  which  he  receives  $3  an  evening.  He  also  plays 
every  Sunday  at  a  church,  for  which  he  receives  $2  each  time. 
The  outside  work  averages  three  nights  a  week,  for  which  he 
receives  $3  a  night.  He  gives  two  violin  lessons  a  day,  four 
days  a  week,  for  which  he  receives  $1  a  lesson. 

The  cost  for  music,  strings,  and  resin  averages  $1  a  week. 
His  other  weekly  expenses  average  as  follows:  for  board,  $7; 
for  clothes,  $2;  for  carfare,  30^;  for  incidentals,  $1.70.  He 
takes  one  lesson  a  week,  paying  $1  a  lesson.  Find  how  much 
he  should  save  from  his  earnings  during  a  year. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

advertise  special  consider  popular  distinguish 

occasions  violin  decision  earnings  instrumental 

orchestra  resin  account  attended  appointment 

musical  clothes  demand  regular  instruments 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Assume  that  you  are  a  music  teacher.   Advertise  for  pupilc, 
stating  the  price  per  lesson. 

2.  Write  a  letter  to  a  friend,  telling  him  of  your  decision  to  study 
music. 

3.  Write  a  reply  to  the  above  letter.    Write  the  address  as  it 
should  appear  on  the  envelope. 

4.  Write  an  account  of  some  musical  entertainment  you  have 
attended. 


VALUE  OF  A  SCHOOL  DAY  79 

Lesson  69.  Value  of  a  School  Day 

About  what  is  the  average  weekly  wage  of  the  ordinary  unedu- 
cated man?  Is  learning  a  trade  part  of  an  education?  Does  the  un- 
educated man  often  lead  an  easy  life?  Does  it  pay  to  try  to  be 
educated?  Can  any  boy  get  an  education  if  he  so  determines? 
What  is  a  diploma? 

A  boy  graduating  from  a  grammar  school  at  the  age  of 
fourteen  is  undecided  whether  to  go  through  high  school  and 
college.  He  realizes  it  will  take  him  four  years  of  38  weeks 
(180  actual  school  days  a  year)  to  complete  the  high  school 
course; and  it  will  cost  him  $5  a  week  for  board  while  in  school. 
He  can  earn  his  clothes  for  the  year  during  vacations.  Also, 
it  will  cost  him  $500  a  year  for  four  years  of  180  days  each 
to  complete  a  college  course.  He  assumes,  therefore,  that 
he  will  be  ready  for  work  at  the  age  of  twenty-two,  and  will 
doubtless  be  able  to  work  until  he  is  sixty-two  years  of  age, 
at  an  average  salary  of  $1600  a  year.  On  the  other  hand,  if 
he  leaves  school  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  he  will  expect  to  work 
until  he  is  sixty-two  years  of  age  at  an  average  weekly  wage 
of  $20,  allowing  two  weeks  for  vacation  each  year.  From 
the  above  estimation,  find  which  is  the  better  proposition, 
and  also  the  value  of  a  single  school  day  in  dollars  and  cents.1 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

graduating  ordinary  trade          education         diploma 

proposition          college  actual          complete  decision 

estimation  doubtless          exact          vacations          wage 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  about  one  hundred  words  on  the  value  of  an  education. 

2.  Write  to  a  friend,  telling  him  of  your  plans  to  go  through 
college.   State  reasons  for  your  decision. 

1  The  figures  are  in  no  way  arbitrary,  but  fairly  exact  for  most  cases. 


80  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  70.  School  Woodworking 

What  is  meant  by  " manual  training  in  schools"?  What  are 
some  of  its  advantages?  Name  different  kinds.  What  kind  do  you 
like  best  and  why? 

A  certain  public  school  had  a  debt  of  $30  remaining  from 
the  purchase  of  a  radioptican  outfit.  Twenty  boys  of  the 
school  manual  training  class  proposed  to  cancel  the  debt  by 
making  taborets  and  selling  them  at  $1.65  each.  Accord- 
ingly, the  scheme  was  carried  out.  The  material  was  paid  for 
from  the  money  received  for  the  goods.  The  stock  used  was 
chestnut  lumber  1  in.  thick,  which  cost  $40  a  thousand  feet. 
The  parts  necessary  for  each  taboret  were  as  follows:  four 
legs,  each  18"  long  and  2^"  wide;  four  cross-members,  each 
8"  long  and  2"  wide;  one  top  12"  square;  allowance  for  waste 
on  each  taboret,  ^  of  a  square  foot.  The  screws,  nails,  and 
stain  for  each  taboret  cost  3^.  The  average  time  required  for 
a  boy  to  do  the  work  was  as  follows:  to  cut  each  leg,  15  min- 
utes; to  cut  each  cross-member,  15  minutes;  to  make  two 
half -lap  joints,  1  hour;  to  cut  the  top  in  the  form  of  an  octa- 
gon, 2  hours;  to  assemble  and  stain  the  taboret,  1  hour. 

Find  the  net  profit  on  a  single  taboret.  How  many  will 
be  required  to  pay  the  debt?  If  the  class  work  one  hour  a 
week,  how  long  will  it  take  to  make  the  required  number? 

FOR   SPELLING   AND    DEFINING 

public  debt  octagon  stock  radioptican 

taboret  cancel  scheme  stain  manual 

BUSINESS   EXERCISES 

1.  Supply  the  necessary  names  and  write  an  order  for  the  lumber 
needed  to  build  the  taborets. 

2.  Write  to  some  business  man  whom  you  know,  asking  him  to 
buy  a  taboret. 


SCHOOL  GARDENING  81 

Lesson  71.  School  Gardening 

What  is  a  school  garden?  State  some  advantages  of  a  school 
garden.  What  are  some  of  the  necessary  requirements  in  order  to 
make  the  school  garden  a  success?  What  would  you  expect  to 
find  growing  in  a  school  garden? 

A  class  of  twenty-four  pupils  was  granted  the  use  of  a  plot 
for  a  school  garden.  The  ground  was  plowed  free  of  charge. 
It  required  100  Ib.  of  phosphate  to  fertilize  the  ground.  This 
cost  $30  a  ton.  The  following  seeds  were  sown:  two  ounces 
of  beets,  one  quart  of  peas,  three  pints  of  lima  beans,  two 
pints  of  string  beans,  three  packets  of  lettuce,  and  two  quarts 
of  sweet  corn.  The  yield  was  as  follows:  twenty-five  bunches 
of  beets  from  an  ounce  of  seed,  three  pecks  of  peas  from  one 
pint,  one  bushel  of  lima  beans  from  a  pint,  one  bushel  of 
string  beans  from  a  pint,  fifty  heads  of  lettuce  from  one 
packet  of  seeds,  and  150  ears  of  corn  from  a  pint.  The  prices 
received  for  the  vegetables  were  as  follows:  beets,  5^  a  bunch; 
peas,  45f£  a  peck;  lima  beans,  7£  a  quart;  string  beans,  10^ 
a  quart;  lettuce,  six  heads  for  25^f;  corn,  18£  a  dozen.  Find 
the  average  amount  of  money  received  per  pupil  for  the 
products,  assuming  that  the  seeds  cost  87 j£. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

advantages        requirements        fertilize        granted       necessary 
phosphate         description  packets        lettuce         received 

vegetables         products  success         yield  ounces 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  a  description  of  a  school  garden. 

2.  Make  a  list  of  as  many  vegetables  as  you  can. 

3.  Make  out  an  order  to  some  local  seed  dealer  for  the  seeds 
required  to  plant  the  above  school  garden.    State  how  the  seeds 
are  to  be  delivered. 


82  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  72.  Purchase  of  a  School  Victrola 

In  business  forms,  what  is  an  agreement?  Why  is  an  agreement 
necessary?  State  some  advantages  in  having  a  victrola  in  school. 
Tell  something  of  importance  about  Camden,  N.J. 

A  certain  public  school  has  bought  a  victrola  of  the  Victor 
Talking  Machine  Company,  Camden,  N.J.  The  machine 
cost  $60,  and  records  costing  as  follows  were  bought  of  the 
company  at  the  same  time:  three  records  at  $.75  each;  three 
at  $1  each;  one  at  $1.25;  and  one  at  $1.50.  The  following  was 
contributed  by  the  different  classes  and  others:  grade  eight, 
$7.50;  grade  seven,  $4.50;  grade  six,  $4.25;  grade  five,  $6.50; 
grade  four,  $3.75;  grade  three,  $3.75;  grade  two,  $4.50;  grade 
one,  $2.45;  teachers,  principal,  and  janitors,  $11. 

It  is  proposed  to  give  a  concert  in  the  school  building, 
charging  an  admission  of  15^,  to  pay  the  balance  due  on  the 
victrola.  Find  how  many  would  have  to  attend  in  order  to 
cancel  the  debt.  Granting  that  there  are  372  pupils  in  the 
school,  find  the  average  amount  contributed  per  pupil. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

victrola  machine  records  contributed  concert 

janitors  debt  proposed  importance  different 

admission  cancel  agreement  necessary  charging 

permission  poster  principal  superintendent  specified 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Assume  that  you  are  a  pupil  in  the  above  school.  Write  a 
letter  to  the  Superintendent  of  Schools,  asking  permission  to  hold 
a  concert  in  the  school  building  to  raise  money  for  the  victrola. 

2.  Write  a  form  for  a  poster  to  advertise  the  concert. 

3.  Write  an  order  for  the  victrola  and  records,  as  specified  above. 

4.  Write  a  letter  to  some  friend  attending  another  school.  Tell 
about  the  plan  of  purchasing  a  victrola  in  your  school. 


THE  ATHLETIC  LEAGUE  83 

Lesson  73.  The  Athletic  League 

Name  some  officers  necessary  in  an  athletic  league.  State  ways 
of  securing  funds  to  defray  expenses  of  such  a  league.  What  is  a 
trophy?  What  is  a  game  schedule?  Give  your  opinion  of  the 
value  of  a  school  athletic  league. 

A  certain  city  allows  its  Public  Schools  Athletic  League 
$200  a  year  for  the  purchase  of  suits,  baseballs,  bats,  and 
other  equipment.  During  the  year  beginning  March  1,  1914, 
an  umpire  was  paid  out  of  this  fund  at  a  cost  of  $40.  Base- 
balls were  bought  at  the  rate  of  three  for  $1,  and  16  doz.  were 
used.  Suits  and  incidentals  amounted  to  $94. 

The  other  expenses,  which  were  borne  by  the  League,  were 
as  follows: printing,  $23.50;  postage,  $15;  photographs,  $16; 
music,  $5;  matting,  $2.25;  tape,  $1.92;  sundries,  $17.18. 

One  hundred  fifty  membersfpaid  the  regular  fee  of  $1  each 
as  dues.  Other  contributions  amounted  to  $11.25.  It  was 
necessary  to  employ  a  man  to  collect  dues  to  the  amount  of 
$57  from  the  members  specified  above.  A  commission  of 
20  per  cent  was  allowed  for  collecting.  At  the  opening  of  the 
year,  there  was  a  balance  of  $19.33  in  the  treasury.  Find  the 
financial  standing  of  the  League  at  the  close  of  the  year. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

sundries        dues  contributions        commission         treasury 

trophy  funds         photographs          equipment          schedule 

athletic         defray        collecting  umpire  league 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Assume  that  there  are  five  ball  teams  in  a  league.    Number 
the  teams  and  make  a  schedule,  so  that  each  team  will  play  every 
other  team  in  the  league  once. 

2.  Write  to  some  business  man,  soliciting  a  baseball  trophy. 

3.  Write  to  the  manager  of  some  baseball  team  to  arrange  a  date 
for  a  game. 


84  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  74.  Elson  Picture  Exhibition 

Give  your  opinion  of  the  value  of  pictures  in  a  schoolroom.  Dis- 
cuss the  matter  of  the  cost  of  good  pictures.  Name  one  noted  pic- 
ture often  seen  in  schoolrooms. 

The  Elson  Art  Company,  Belmont,  Mass.,  arranged  with 
a  certain  public  school  to  have  a  picture  exhibition  in  the 
school  building,  the  company  agreeing  to  furnish  the  pictures 
to  exhibit,  providing  the  school  would  guarantee  to  buy  pic- 
tures of  them  to  the  amount  of  $50.  Accordingly,  the  school 
made  the  necessary  arrangements.  Twelve  hundred  tickets 
were  disposed  of,  and  of  this  number  2  per  cent  were  compli- 
mentary. The  others  were  sold  at  15^  each.  At  the  refresh- 
ment counter,  the  amount  taken  in  was  $80.60,  of  which  50 
per  cent  was  clear  profit.  A  special  entertainment  was  pre- 
pared. The  admission  was  10^,  and  212  tickets  were  sold. 
There  was  a  net  profit  of  $2.80  on  the  sale  of  catalogues.  The 
expenses  incurred  were  $8.25  for  transportation  and  $1.25 
for  incidentals.  Assuming  that  the  State  Educational  De- 
partment will  duplicate  any  amount  not  exceeding  $100 
spent  for  pictures,  find  the  total  amount  this  school  will  be 
able  to  expend  for  this  purpose.  If  there  are  fifteen  rooms  in 
the  building,  how  much  should  each  room  be  able  to  spend? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

refreshment  exhibition  opinion  complimentary  picture 
arrangements  necessary  disposed  transportation  expend 
catalogues  admission  duplicate  entertainment  public 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  to  the  Elson  Company,  to  arrange  for  an  exhibition. 

2.  Assuming  that  you  are  a  pupil  of  the  above  school,  write  to  a 
friend,  telling  of  the  success  of  the  exhibition. 

3.  Write  a  newspaper  article  giving  the  date  of  the  exhibition. 


SECURING  A  SCHOOL  POSITION  85 

Lesson  75.  Securing  a  School  Position 

What  is  a  Teachers'  Agency?  What  is  an  Employment  Bureau? 
Where  is  Dunkirk?  Where  is  Chicago?  Tell  something  of  its  impor- 
tance. Where  is  Harvard  University? 

Mr.  Frank  Childs,  Erie,  Pa.,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, sought  to  secure  a  position  through  the  Yates-Fisher 
Teachers'  Agency,  Chicago,  111.  Mr.  Childs  paid  the  agency 
$2  as  registration  fee,  and  agreed  to  pay  the  agency  5  per 
cent  on  the  first  year's  salary  if  elected  to  a  position  through 
the  Agency.  Accordingly,  he  received  a  call  from  Supt.  N.  L. 
Engelhardt,  Dunkirk,  N.Y.,  to  act  as  principal  of  the  High 
School  at  a  salary  of  $1800  a  year.  He  accepted  the  position. 

School  opened  the  second  Monday  in  September.  The 
school  year  consisted  of  38  weeks.  Mr.  Childs  paid  $7  a  week 
for  his  board  while  in  school.  Carfare  amounted  to  $20  for 
the  year.  Laundry  expenses  were  75^  a  week,  and  amuse- 
ments averaged  $1  a  week.  He  paid  $20  for  books  during  the 
term,  and  incidentals  amounted  to  $25  for  the  year.  What 
amount  of  money  should  the  man  have  had  at  the  close  of 
the  school  year,  provided  he  had  $50  when  he  began  school? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

agency        position  bureau         university  registration 

salary         provided  elected         amusement         commission 

fee  acceptance        services        employment        consisting 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  the  letter  of  acceptance  to  Superintendent  Engelhardt. 

2.  Write  a  letter,  thanking  the  Agency  for  its  services. 

3.  Make  out  a  ninety-day  note  in  favor  of  the  Agency,  in  settle- 
ment for  the  commission. 

4.  Write  a  telegram  notifying  Superintendent  Engelhardt  when 
to  expect  the  new  principal  to  arrive  to  begin  work. 


86  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  76.  School  Financing 

If  accommodations  are  provided  in  a  school  for  325  pupils,  will  it 
cost  any  less  per  day  if  25  pupils  are  absent?  If  the  estimated  cost 
per  capita  each  day  were  20^,  estimate  the  loss  in  an  absence  of 
25  pupils  for  a  single  day.  How  is  absence  wasteful?  What  is  a 
" teachers'  pension  fund"? 

In  a  certain  school  registering  329  pupils,  there  are  13 
teachers,  a  principal,  and  2  janitors.  The  salaries  paid  per 
month  are  as  follows:  teachers,  $70;  principal,  $160;  one 
janitor  at  $70  and  one  at  $60.  The  other  monthly  expenses 
average  as  follows:  for  gas,  $3;  15  tons  of  coal  at  $6  a  ton; 
plumbing,  ten  hours  at  40^  an  hour;  books,  $10;  electricity, 
$3 ;  carpenter  work,  $3 ;  paper,  pencils,  and  other  incidentals, 
$3.  From  the  foregoing  data,  find  the  average  cost  per  year 
of  ten  months,  for  each  pupil.  Counting  182  school  days 
per  year,  find  the  average  cost  per  day  for  each  pupil.  Count- 
ing 12  classes,  find  the  average  number  of  pupils  in  each 
class.  Find  the  average  cost  per  class  for  the  year.  Find  the 
average  cost  per  class  for  one  day. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

approximate  provided      estimated        wasteful      plumbing 

registering  janitors        deducting        salaries        absence 

accommodations     article          attendance      pension        principal 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  a  newspaper  article  of  about  one  hundred  words  on  the 
importance  of  school  attendance. 

2.  Make  out  a  monthly  pay  roll  for  the  principal  and  teachers 
for  the  above  school,  deducting  $1.20  from  the  principal's  salary 
and  one  cent  on  a  dollar  from  the  teachers'  salaries,  for  the  pen- 
sion fund. 

3.  Supply  the  necessary  names  and  write  an  excuse  for  absence, 
from  a  parent  to  a  teacher. 


COLLEGE  FINANCING  87 

Lesson  77.  College  Financing 

Name  some  noted  colleges.  Where  is  New  Haven?  On  what  rail- 
road? What  is  meant  by  tuition?  About  how  long  is  a  college  year? 
Discuss  the  advantages  of  having  a  college  education.  State  some 
educational  requirement  for  college  entrance. 

A  young  man  having  $957  in  the  Albany  Savings  Bank, 
Albany,  N.Y.,  decided  to  enter  Yale  University,  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  the  second  Monday  in  September  next.  He  planned 
to  get  some  work  in  order  that  he  might  earn  part  of  his  ex- 
penses while  in  school.  Accordingly,  he  engaged  to  act  as  a 
waiter  in  a  restaurant,  receiving  50^  a  day  for  the  entire 
school  year  of  38  weeks.  His  expenses  are  as  follows  each 
year:  carfare,  including  a  visit  home  during  vacation,  $20; 
tuition,  $100;  books,  $20;  laundry,  50^f  a  week;  incidentals, 
$1  a  week.  If  he  attends  college  four  years  at  this  rate,  pay- 
ing $4  a  week  for  board  and  spending  $68  for  graduation, 
what  will  be  his  financial  standing  after  completing  the  col- 
lege course? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

college  tuition  advantages  requirement  entrance 

decides  entire  restaurant  expenses  including 

vacation  laundry  graduation  financial  standing 

university  noted  success  educational  possible 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  to  Dr.  A.  T.  Hadley,  President  of  Yale  University, 
telling  him  you  intend  to  enter  college.    Make  inquiry  about  the 
cost  of  tuition  and  a  possible  chance  to  get  work. 

2.  Assume  that  you  are  in  college.  Write  to  a  friend  in  Scranton, 
Pa.,  telling  him  of  your  success  in  college  work. 

3.  Write  to  the  Savings  Bank,  asking  for  $20,  to  be  sent  to  you 
at  once. 


88  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  78.  Church  Financing 

Name  several  churches  in  your  town  or  city.  How  are  churches 
supported?  What  is  a  congregation?  What  is  a  parish?  What  is  a 
rectory? 

A  certain  church  has  a  membership  of  150  people.  The 
preacher  receives  a  salary  of  $1200  a  year.  It  requires  twelve 
tons  of  coal  a  year  to  heat  the  church,  and  the  coal  costs  $7 
a  ton.  Gas  bills  average  $4  a  month.  The  janitor  receives 
$200  a  year,  and  an  organist  receives  $75.  The  church  is  val- 
ued at  $10,000,  and  is  insured  at  the  rate  of  50^  a  hundred 
per  year.  Incidentals  amount  to  $100  a  year. 

One  fifteenth  of  the  members  pay  $50  each  during  the 
year.  The  other  yearly  subscriptions  are  as  follows :  20  mem- 
bers at  $25  each;  40  members  at  $5  each;  other  members 
averaging  $1  each;  collections  averaging  $4  a  Sunday.  The 
income  from  suppers  and  entertainments  amounts  to  $300 
for  the  year.  Allowing  a  balance  of  $25  in  the  treasury  at 
the  opening  of  the  year,  find  the  financial  standing  of  the 
church  at  the  close  of  the  year. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


congregation 

organist 

standing 

janitor 

insured 

subscriptions 

several 

rectory 

salary 

valued 

membership 

treasury 

collections 

balance 

parish 

entertainments 

financial 

supported 

affair 

article 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  a  notice  for  publication,  advertising  a  supper  to  be  held 
in  a  local  church. 

2.  Assume  that  the  supper  held  in  the  above  church  was  a  suc- 
cess.   Write  a  short  article  concerning  the  same,  for  publication. 

3.  Assume   that  you   have  attended   some   church   entertain- 
ment or  supper.  Write  to  a  friend,  telling  about  the  affair. 


BARN  BUILDING  89 

Lesson  79.  Barn  Building 

Mr.  Dunham  proposes  to  build  a  barn  30  ft.  wide  and  40 
ft.  long  with  posts  24  ft.  high.  He  could  get  it  built  by  a 
contractor  for  $1200,  but  decides  to  buy  his  own  material 
and  hire  carpenters  to  do  the  work.  He  buys  the  following 
timber,  delivered,  for  the  frame  at  $25  per  thousand: 

Width  X  thickness  -5-12  gives  board  feet  to  running  foot. 
Multiply  by  length  to  get  total. 

4  beams,  8"  X  10"  by  30'  4  sills  6  X  8  by  30 

4  plates  6  X   6  by  40  42  floor  timbers  4  X  6  by  15 

8  posts  8X8  by  24  40     "          "       3X4  by  20 

4     "  8  X   8  by  15  44     "          "       4X6  by  14 

16  girts  6  X   6  by  15  80  studding         2  X  4  by  21 

8     "  6  X   6  by  14  20     "                  2X4  by  15 

8  posts  6  X   6  by  10  500  ft.     "two-by-fours"    for 

4  sills  6  X   8  by  40  braces 

The  following  is  bought  at  $30  a  thousand  for  floors, 
doors,  cornice,  etc. :  3000  ft.  of  plank  for  floors,  3100  ft.  of 
pine  boards,  1840  ft.  of  hemlock.  Also,  3300  ft.  of  novelty 
siding  is  bought  at  $35  per  thousand.  It  requires  17  squares 
of  roofing  at  $5  a  square.  Nails,  hinges,  and  bolts  cost  $15; 
labor,  $300;  windows,  $8;  paint,  $10;  painter's  wages,  $24. 

1.  Find  amount  of  lumber  for  frame,  and  cost  at  given  rate. 

2.  Find  amount  of  lumber  for  floors,  doors,  and  cornice,  and  cost. 

3.  Find  the  cost  for  novelty  siding. 

4.  Find  the  total  cost  for  lumber. 

5.  Find  the  total  number  of  feet  of  lumber  in  the  barn. 

6.  Find  the  total  cost  for  building  the  barn. 

7.  Does  Mr.  Dunham  gain  or  lose  by  not  letting  the  job  out  bj 
contract,  and  how  much? 

FOR   SPELLING   AND    DEFINING 

Schenectady        proposes          contractor         decides        material 
following  delivered         carpenters         cornice        timber 


90  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  80.  House  Building 

Name  the  most  common  kinds  of  wood  used  in  building  houses. 
What  is  finished  flooring?  What  is  the  purpose  of  deadening  felt? 
Name  some  hardware  needed  in  building  a  house. 

From  the  data  given  below,  find  the  cost  of  a  building  lot 
and  a  regular  two-story  house  30  ft.  long  and  18  ft.  wide. 
The  building  lot,  which  is  100  ft.  long  and  50  ft.  wide,  cost 
$600.  The  construction  of  the  cellar,  foundation,  and  chim- 
ney was  let  by  contract  at  a  cost  of  $700.  The  lumber  re- 
quired was  as  follows:  7860  ft.  of  timber  at  $28.50  a  thou- 
sand; 4680  ft.  of  inch-sheathing  at  $24  a  thousand;  2863  ft. 
of  flooring  at  $25  a  thousand;  3480  ft.  of  bevel  siding  at  $32  a 
thousand;  11,000  shingles  at  $4.50  a  thousand;  2900  ft.  of  fin- 
ished flooring  at  $52  a  thousand;  and  material  for  doors  and 
windows,  $300.  It  required  12  rolls  of  building  paper  at  $.60 
a  roll  and  6  rolls  of  deadening  paper  at  $2.90  a  roll.  There 
were  593  sq.  yd.  to  be  lathed  and  plastered,  and  this  cost  55^ 
a  square  yard.  The  hardware  cost  $78.82.  Painting  cost 
$376;  plumbing,  $292;  heating,  $196;  and  wiring,  $84.  The 
cost  for  labor  was  as  follows:  carpenters;,  1820  hr.  at  45^  an 
hour;  a  foreman,  340  hr.  at  60 j£  an  hour;  common  laborers, 
324  hr.  at  20^  an  hour. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

regular    cellar    hardware   shingles     deadening  timber  sheathing 
siding     bevel     plastered    foreman    carpenter    lathed    plumbing 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Supply  ordinary  names  and  make  out  a  bill  for  the  lumber. 

2.  Using  your  own  name,  write  a  due  bill,  payable  in  cash,  in 
favor  of  John  White,  for  wiring  the  house. 

3.  Advertise  for  bids  on  a  contract  for  the  cellar,  foundation,  and 
chimney  as  specified  above. 


CONCRETE  AND  BRICK  WORK  91 

Lesson  81.  Concrete  and  Brick  Work 

Why  is  it  necessary  to  start  a  foundation  so  deep  in  the  ground? 
Why  is  concrete  better  than  brick  for  footing?  Tell  something  of  the 
size,  shape,  and  composition  of  a  brick. 

Mr.  George  Himes,  Pike,  N.H.,  built  a  two-story  house 
18  ft.  wide  and  30  ft.  long,  with  a  cellar  9  ft.  deep.  He  let  the 
contract  to  construct  the  cellar  and  foundation  to  Mr.  Sam- 
uel File,  Fairlee,  Vt.,  for  $700.  It  cost  the  contractor  70j£  a 
cubic  yard  for  excavating,  counting  only  the  actual  number 
of  yards  displaced  for  the  cellar.  The  contract  called  for  a 
concrete  footing  18  in.  wide  and  one  foot  high,  beneath;  the 
entire  brick  wall  (perimeter  96  ft.).  This  cost  25^  a  cubic 
foot.  The  brick  wall  was  9  ft.  high  and  18  in.  thick.  No  al- 
lowance is  made  for  corners  or  openings.  The  bricks  cost 
$6.50  a  thousand,  and  a  cubic  foot  requires  22  bricks.  The 
chimney  required  3478  bricks.  A  mason  was  paid  $8  a  thou- 
sand for  laying  the  bricks.  The  cellar  bottom  was  to  be  ce- 
mented 4  in.  in  thickness.  This  cost  8£  a  square  foot.  What 
did  the  contractor  realize  on  the  venture? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

cellar  contract          concrete         complete          foundation 

actual  displaced        venture          perimeter        excavating 

chimney        mason  Canada          allowance        construction 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Advertise  for  a  mason  to  lay  the  bricks  in  the  above  construc- 
tion. 

2.  Using  the  name  of  a  local  dealer,  make  out  a  bill  for  the 
bricks. 

3.  Write  an  answer  to  the  above  advertisement. 

4.  Assume  that  you  are  having  the  house  built.   Write  to  a 
friend  in  Toronto,  Canada,  telling  him  of  your  plans. 


92  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  82.  Steel  Roofing 

Name  several  kinds  of  roofing.  Name  two  qualities  of  a  good  roof. 
Name  a  city  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  steel  roofing.  Where  is 
Canton?  Name  a  railroad  leading  in  that  direction.  What  is  the 
meaning  of  the  expression  "  freight  prepaid  "?  Give  table  for  square 
measure.  How  much  is  a  square  of  roofing? 

Mr.  J.  C.  Bell,  a  roofer,  has  done  the  following  business 
since  April  8:  On  April  8,  he  bought  of  The  Berger  Man- 
ufacturing Company,  Canton,  Ohio,  100  squares  of  galvan- 
ized steel  at  $3  a  square;  25  squares  of  galvanized  steel  shin- 
gles at  $5  a  square;  500  linear  feet  of  eave  trough  at  4^  a  foot; 
and  50  squares  of  painted  steel  at  $2.10  a  square. 

The  price  to  the  consumer  is  as  follows :  galvanized  steel, 
$5  a  square;  shingles,  $6.50  a  square;  painted  steel,  $3.50  a 
square;  eave  trough,  10^  a  linear  foot.  The  dealer  employs 
a  man  to  help  lay  the  roofing,  paying  him  40^  a  square  for 
roofing  and  one  cent  a  foot  for  hanging  eave  trough. 

Find  the  dealer's  net  profits  from  the  sale  of  the  above 
goods  as  specified.  Find  the  helper's  total  wages. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

manufacture         roofing          qualities         shingles        direction 
galvanized  prepaid         several  trough  consumer 

expression  linear  dealer  eave  employee 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  the  bill  for  the  above  stock  of  roofing. 

2.  Write  a  telegram  to  the  roofing  company,  asking  them  to  send 
a  tracer  after  the  goods  ordered  April  8. 

3.  Make  out  the  account  for  the  employee's  labor,  including 
services  for  all  orders  filled. 

4.  Draw  up  a  check  to  pay  the  employee. 

5.  Assume  that  you  want  a  roof  put  on  your  house.  Write  to  the 
dealer,  ordering  five  squares  of  roofing. 


PLUMBING  93 

Lesson  83.  Plumbing 

State  some  objections  to  following  the  plumber's  trade.  What 
advantages  does  the  trade  offer?  How  does  a  plumber  usually  learn 
his  trade?  Discuss  the  value  of  an  education  to  a  plumber.  What 
is  a  contract?  State  reasons  for  written  contracts. 

Mr.  James  Buhner  contracted  to  do  the  plumbing  in  a 
two-story  dwelling  house  for  $575.  In  doing  the  work,  ex- 
penses were  incurred  for  the  following:  12  ft.  of  excavating 
at  50f£  a  linear  foot;  85  ft.  of  five-inch  soil  pipe  at  40j£  a  foot; 
10  ft.  of  six-inch  iron  pipe  at  15^  a  foot;  branches,  bends, 
traps,  etc.,  $20;  150  Ib.  of  lead  at  5^  a  pound;  15  Ib.  of  oakum 
at  10{£  a  pound;  20  Ib.  of  solder  at  30^  a  pound;  5  gal.  of 
gasoline  at  25^  a  gallon;  200  ft.  of  three-quarter  inch  pipe  at 
Si  a  foot ;  50  ft.  of  half-inch  pipe  at  li  a  foot ;  fittings,  $15 ;  350 
ft.  of  gas  pipe  at  20^  a  foot;  lead  pipe,  $22.40;  incidentals, 
such  as  hangers,  stops,  cement,  etc.,  $10.35;  2  water  tanks 
at  $15  each;  2  sinks  at  $12  each;  2  sets  of  wash  trays  at  $13.50 
a  set;  2  sets  of  bathroom  combinations  at  $38  a  set;  2  bath 
tubs  with  fixtures  at  $30  each;  one  laborer  four  days  at  $2 
a  day;  labor  for  plumbers,  200  hr.  at  50^  an  hour;  cartage, 
$5.  Find  the  contractor's  profit,  assuming  that  he  made  an 
additional  profit  of  10  per  cent  on  all  supplies  and  labor. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

objections          plumber          trade  education  solder 

dwelling  incurred         oakum          excavating          quality 

cement  cartage  profit  settlement          secure 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Supplying  common  names,  write  a  letter  to  secure  the  con- 
tract for  doing  the  plumbing  in  a  two-story  house. 

2.  Assume  that  you  are  a  plumber  having  worked  two  hundred 
hours  for  the  contractor.    Write  to  him,  asking  for  a  settlement. 


94  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  84.  House  Lighting 

Name  several  different  methods  of  lighting  houses.  Which  kind 
would  you  prefer  and  why?  Mention  some  dangers  in  connection 
with  the  use  of  the  different  systems  of  lighting. 

Mr.  George  Wilson,  Erie,  Pa.,  let  the  contract  to  Mr.  Fred 
Carter  of  the  same  city,  to  install  a  gasoline  lighting  plant 
on  the  first  floor  of  his  house,  for  $50.  The  contract  called  for 
three  large  mantle  burners  complete,  with  all  pipes  and  tank 
ready  for  use. 

Accordingly,  Mr.  Carter  ordered  the  following  goods  from 
the  Pitner  Company,  Sterling,  111. :  3  mantle  burners  at  $7.46 
each;  one  gasoline  tank  with  pressure  gauge  at  $12;  37  ft.  of 
hollow  wire  at  5^  a  foot;  pipe  nuts,  48^;  connections,  $1.48; 
one  pump  at  $2.70;  one  dozen  mantles  at  10^  each;  lighters 
and  cleaners,  60^;  incidentals,  50  j£.  The  freight  was  $1.20. 
Mr.  Carter  received  a  trade  discount  of  45  per  cent  on  the 
list  price  of  the  goods  and  an  additional  discount  of  5  per 
cent  for  cash.  He  employed  a  helper  16  hr.  at  40^  an  hour. 

From  the  above  data,  find  how  much  Mr.  Carter  realized 
for  installing  the  system. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

lighting  prefer  systems         install       acknowledgment 

burners  complete        pressure        gauge        connections 

additional       discount         mantle          trade         recommending 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  to  the  Pitner  Company,  ordering  the  parts  necessary 
for  the  lighting  system  mentioned  above. 

2.  Write  an  acknowledgment  of  the  order. 

3.  Assuming  that  you  had  the  lighting  system  installed,  write  a 
letter  to  a  friend,  recommending  the  system. 


HOUSE  HEATING  95 

Lesson  85.  House  Heating 

Name  several  different  methods  of  heating  houses.  What  differ- 
ent kinds  of  fuel  are  used?  How  would  location  affect  the  heating 
of  a  house? 

Having  built  a  house,  a  man  desired  to  have  his  residence 
equipped  with  a  warm  air  heating  system.  Accordingly,  he 
engaged  a  furnace  company  to  install  the  plant.  The  charges 
made  by  the  company  were  as  follows :  for  one  furnace  and 
casing,  $72.25;  one  register  face,  $3.60;  5  registers  at  $1.08 
each;  3  registers  at  $.90  each;  8  warm  air  dampers  at  $.13 
each;  28  ft.  of  tin  pipe  at  $.13  a  foot;  22  ft.  of  tin  pipe  at 
$.11|  a  foot;  10  elbows  at  $.24  each;  33  ft.  of  tin  pipe  at  $.11 
a  foot;  5  register  boxes  at  $.30  each;  one  cold  air  collar,  $1.50; 
angles,  collars,  and  thimbles,  $5.45;  asbestos,  $2.50;  freight, 
$2.25;  labor,  $15.  In  addition  to  this,  the  company  charged 
33j  per  cent  on  the  above  items  for  overhead  expenses  and 
profit.  The  owner  paid  the  bill  with  an  allowance  of  5  per 
cent  off  for  cash. 

From  the  above  data,  find  how  much  the  heating  system 
cost. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

heating  affect  location  methods  residence 

equipped  install  furnace  casing  registers 

dampers  angles  asbestos  allowance         thimbles 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Assuming  that  you  have  a  two-family  house  to  be  heated, 
write  to  some  furnace  company  for  an  estimate  of  the  cost  for  the 
equipment. 

2.  Write  a  reply  to  the  above  letter,  giving  the  desired  informa- 
tion. 

3.  Write  a  letter  ordering  the  heating  system  installed. 


96  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  86.  Papering 

Why  do  people  have  the  walls  of  the  house  papered?    What 
other  ways  are  there  to  finish  the  walls? 

A  man  wishing  to  have  his  house  papered  decided  to  buy 
his  paper  and  hire  a  paperhanger  to  do  the  work.  The  house 
contains  one  parlor  18  ft.  wide  and  21  ft.  long,  a  living  room 
18  ft.  square,  a  kitchen  15  ft.  wide  and  18  ft.  long,  and  three 
bedrooms  each  12  ft.  wide  and  14  ft.  long.  (Figure  three 
bedrooms  together.)  The  cost  per  single  roll  for  paper  was 
as  follows:  for  the  parlor,  40^;  the  living  room,  35^;  the  kit- 
chen, 30^;  the  bedrooms,  25^.  Border  for  the  parlor  cost 
20^  a  linear  yard;  for  the  living  room,  15^  a  yard;  for  the  kit- 
chen, 10^  a  yard;  and  for  the  bedrooms,  15£  a  yard.  The 
paper  for  the  overhead  walls  cost  the  same  as  that  for  the 
sides,  respectively.  The  " union"  price  for  hanging  the  paper 
was  22^  a  roll  or  fraction  thereof  and  one  cent  a  linear  yard 
for  the  border.  The  height  of  all  walls  is  8  ft.  from  base- 
board to  ceiling.  Consider  a  single  roll  as  containing  a  strip 
24  ft.  long  and  18  in.  wide.  No  partial  rolls  can  be  bought. 
(Find  the  area  of  the  surface  to  be  covered,  and  divide  by 
the  number  of  square  feet  in  a  roll.)  Assuming  that  the 
openings  for  doors  and  windows  will  make  up  the  loss  for 
matching,  estimate  the  cost  for  papering  the  house.  (Esti- 
mate ceilings  separately.) 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

papering      matching      finish       paperhanger      parlor       kitchen 
border         estimate        linear      baseboard         ceiling      partial 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  to  some  paper  dealer  to  get  samples  of  paper  with  prices,, 
Give  an  idea  of  the  amount  needed. 

2.  Make  out  a  bill  to  yourself  for  the  paper  needed. 


HOUSE  FURNISHING  97 

Lesson  87.  House  Furnishing 

Name  several  of  the  most  important  pieces  of  furniture  in  a 
house.  State  the  advantages  of  a  vacuum  cleaner. 

Mr.  E.  Larkin,  having  built  a  new  house,  decided  to  begin 
housekeeping.  Accordingly,  he  bought  the  following  goods: 
one  parlor  suite  at  $75;  one  rug  at  $24;  four  pictures  at 
$4.50  each;  one  veneered  center  table  at  $12;  a  piano  at 
$275;  a  music  cabinet  at  $14;  three  pairs  of  curtains  at  $8  a 
pair;  one  couch  at  $40;  three  rocking-chairs  at  $5.50  each; 
three  chairs  at  $3  each;  one  rug  at  $16.50;  two  pairs  of  cur- 
tains at  $6.50  a  pair;  pictures,  $20;  one  bookcase,  $10.50;  one 
library  table,  $14;  three  brass  beds  at  $12  each;  three  sets 
of  springs  at  $4.50  a  set;  three  mattresses  at  $4  each;  bedding 
and  pictures,  $100;  three  dressers  at  $17  each;  three  rugs  at 
$8  each;  three  chairs  at  $2.50  each;  three  pairs  of  curtains 
at  $3.50  each;  hall  furnishings,  $12.50;  one  dining-room  table, 
$15;  one  sideboard,  $16;  curtains,  $6;  four  chairs  at  $2.50 
each;  dishes  and  silverware,  $100;  one  gas  range,  $16.50;  one 
table,  $4;  linoleum,  $20;  curtains,  $4;  a  cookstove,  $40;  four 
chairs  at  $1.50  each;  cooking  utensils,  $30;  provisions,  $20; 
linen,  $25;  clothing,  fuel,  etc.,  $200.  The  goods  were  insured 
at  $1200  for  three  years,  the  rate  being  $1.30  a  hundred.  If 
the  house  burned,  what  would  be  the  man's  loss  on  the 
goods  if  he  received  full  value  on  the  policy? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFUSING 

furniture      provision       modern       vacuum       library        fuel 
veneered      linoleum       curtains       utensils        cabinet       policy 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  an  order  to  a  local  furniture  store  for  the  parlor  goods. 

2.  Make  out  a  bill  for  the  parlor  goods. 

3.  Make  out  the  order  for  the  necessary  provisions. 


98  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  88.  Landscape  Gardening 

Mention  ways  in  which  the  grounds  about  a  house  may  be  made 
attractive.  Name  different  kinds  of  trees  and  plants  used  for  or- 
namental purposes.  Recite  the  table  for  cubic  measure. 

After  having  built  a  house,  a  man  found  it  would  be  neces- 
sary to  expend  considerable  money  to  improve  the  surround- 
ing grounds.  Accordingly,  he  employed  a  landscape  gardener, 
at  a  cost  of  $5  a  day,  to  superintend  the  improvements. 

The  plot  of  ground  included  a  depression  40  ft.  long  and 
18  ft.  wide,  with  an  average  depth  of  4  ft.  This  was  filled  at 
a  cost  of  75^  a  cu.  yd.  A  man  was  employed  with  his  team, 
fourteen  days,  to  do  the  grading.  He  received  $5  a  day.  The 
cost  for  fertilizer  was  $15.  The  cost  for  shrubbery  was  as 
follows:  6  Norway  spruce  trees  at  $1.25  each;  500  honey 
locust  hedge  plants  at  $2  a  hundred;  8  catalpa  trees  at  $.40 
each;  rose  bushes,  hydrangeas,  and  vines,  $24.  The  grounds 
included  one  cement  walk  100  ft.  long  and  3  ft.  wide,  and 
another  walk  50  ft.  long  and  4  ft.  wide.  The  walks  cost  9^ 
a  square  foot.  The  lawn  required  three  pecks  of  grass  seed, 
which  cost  $8  a  bushel.  The  cost  for  extra  laborers  was  $40. 
The  landscape  gardener  worked  nine  days.  Find  the  cost  for 
improving  the  grounds. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

attractive       ornamental       surrounding        gardener       locust 
depression      shrubbery         superintend        hedge  grading 

hydrangea       landscape         description         catalpa          cement 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Supply  necessary  names  and  make  out  a  bill  for  the  shrub- 
bery. 

2.  Write  a  short  description  of  some  well-kept  lawn  you  have 
seen. 


LIVING  EXPENSES  99 

Lesson  89.  Living  Expenses 

Is  it  always  economical  to  have  groceries  charged?  Give  reasons. 
Is  it  wise  to  buy  at  all  times  where  goods  are  cheapest?  Why?  Give 
some  requirements  of  a  chauffeur. 

Mr.  Harold  Smith,  a  chauffeur,  receives  $120  a  month. 
There  are  four  members  in  his  family.  His  clothing  costs 
him,  on  the  average,  $6  a  month;  and  he  pays  $250  a  year  for 
clothing  used  by  other  members  of  the  family.  Twenty  dol- 
lars a  month  is  paid  for  rent.  He  burns  eight  tons  of  coal 
costing  $7  a  ton,  and  one  and  a  half  cords  of  wood  costing  $6 
a  cord,  during  the  year.  The  cost  for  amusements  amounts 
to  $1  a  week.  Meat  bills  average  $3  a  week,  and  the  bill  for 
groceries  is  twice  the  amount  paid  for  meat.  Mr.  Smith 
bought  6  bbl.  of  potatoes  at  $2.50  a  barrel  and  3  bbl.  of 
apples  at  $3.50  a  barrel.  Incidentals  amounted  to  $100  for 
the  year. 

Granting  that  the  man  had  no  money  at  the  outset,  find 
his  financial  standing  at  the  end  of  the  year. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

rent  receives  members  clothing         chauffeur 

cords          amusements          groceries  potatoes        financial 

outset         requirements        economical        charged        merchant 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  an  order  to  some  local  grocer  for  groceries  to  the 
amount  of  six  dollars.   Select  articles  most  commonly  used. 

2.  Using  the  name  of  some  local  merchant,  advertise  for  a  clerk. 
State  the  wages  that  will  be  paid. 

3.  Assume  that  you  are  looking  for  a  position.  Answer  the  above 
advertisement. 

4.  Write  a  letter  to  a  friend,  telling  of  your  success  in  securing  a 
position  as  clerk. 


100  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  90.  The  Banquet 

What  is  a  club?  Name  one.  Name  some  different  organizations 
that  have  banquets.  State  reasons  for  holding  banquets. 

A  certain  club  consisting  of  50  members  wished  to  hold  a 
banquet.  It  was  proposed  to  hire  a  caterer  to  serve,  paying 
him  75^  per  capita.  The  following  provision  was  required: 
5  cans  of  tomatoes,  20  qt.  of  milk,  5i  Ib.  of  flour,  2|  Ib.  of 
butter,  5  qt.  of  coarse  salt,  12  loaves  of  bread,  3  bunches  of 
celery,  one  quart  of  olives,  3  Ib.  of  halibut,  27  eggs,  one 
quarter  of  a  pound  of  beef  fat,  2  yeast  cakes,  13  Ib.  of  sugar, 
8  Ib.  of  veal  chops,  one  half  peck  of  potatoes,  5  cans  of  peas, 
2  doz.  lemons,  a  tub  of  ice,  2  Ib.  of  almond  paste,  one  pound 
of  coffee;  gas,  25^;  labor,  fifteen  hours  at  25^  an  hour;  pep- 
per, salt,  etc.,  5j£.  The  current  prices  paid  for  the  articles 
were:  for  tomatoes,  12 j£  a  can;  milk,  8^  a  quart;  flour,  4j£  a 
pound;  butter,  36^  a  pound;  salt,  A£  a  quart;  bread,  5^  a 
loaf;  celery,  10^  a  bunch;  olives,  30^  a  quart;  halibut,  10^  a 
pound;  eggs,  45^  a  dozen;  beef  fat,  25^  a  pound;  yeast  cakes, 
2i  each;  sugar,  5^  a  pound;  veal,  25j£  a  pound;  potatoes,  30^ 
a  peck;  peas,  18^  a  can;  lemons,  30^  a  dozen;  ice,  15^  a  tub; 
almond  paste,  25 j£  a  pound;  coffee,  30^  a  pound.  Find  the 
caterer's  net  profits.  If  the  members  had  managed  the  affair 
themselves,  what  would  have  been  the  cost  per  capita? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

almond  capita        banquet         proposed        caterer      yeast 

potatoes         halibut       provision       tomatoes       celery        olives 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  From  the  above  problem,  write  out  a  menu. 

2.  Write  a  notice  of  the  banquet,  to  be  sent  to  the  members. 

3.  Write  a  short  account  of  such  a  banquet,  for  a  newspaper. 

4.  Write  an  order  for  provisions  to  the  amount  of  $10. 


THE  RECEPTION    , 


Lesson  91.  The  Reception 

What  is  a  reception?  What  is  a  banquet?  What  is  an  entertain- 
ment? What  is  an  invitation?  What  is  an  acceptance? 

The  Teachers'  Association  of  a  certain  city  held  a  recep- 
tion at  one  of  the  school  buildings  of  the  city.  The  expenses 
incurred  were:  for  ice-cream,  70  bricks  at  40^  each;  candy, 
10  Ib.  at  30^  a  pound;  cake,  $9.50;  punch,  $12;  music,  four 
pieces  at  $3.50  each  and  a  leader  at  $4;  flowers  and  palms, 
$5;  services  for  three  janitors,  $5;  printing  invitations  and 
postage,  $2.80;  table  decorations,  $2.95;  chairs  and  tables, 
$8.25;  printing  a  song,  $1.50. 

Assuming  that  there  were  216  members  hi  the  Association 
and  that  three  fourths  of  the  number  paid  the  assessment  of 
50^  per  capita,  find  how  much  money  must  be  drawn  from 
the  treasury  of  the  Association  in  order  to  pay  the  bills  in 
full.  How  many  teachers  should  have  paid  in  order  to  have 
covered  expenses  without  drawing  money  from  the  treasury? 
If  the  assessment  had  been  60^  per  capita  for  those  who  paid, 
what  would  have  been  the  result? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

reception         banquet       janitors       invitation        acceptance 
association       incurred       punch         assessment       entertainment 
decorations      postage         palms         treasury  secretary 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Supplying  a  name  for  secretary  of  the  Association,  write  an 
invitation  to  the  mayor  of  your  city,  inviting  him  to  attend  the 
reception. 

2.  Assume  that  you  were  a  teacher  who  attended  the  reception. 
Write  to  a  friend,  telling  about  the  affair. 

3.  Prepare  a  short  article  for  the  newspaper,  telling  of  a  reception 
held  at  one  of  the  schools  of  your  city. 


1C2  -<;     ;      VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  92.  Motoring 

Name  some  large  cities  along  the  way  between  Boston  and 
Chicago.  Name  any  mountains  a  party  would  pass  over  in  making 
the  trip  by  automobile.  About  where  would  a  party  cross  the  Hud- 
son River?  About  where  would  they  stop  the  second  night  if  they 
traveled  ninety  miles  a  day? 

Mr.  Henry  Dunham  left  Boston,  Mass.,  Tuesday  morning, 
July  1,  with  his  automobile,  en  route  for  Chicago,  111.,  a  dis- 
tance of  1034  miles.  He  took  his  family  of  four  grown  persons 
besides  himself.  The  average  distance  traveled  per  day  was 
94  miles.  The  gasoline  mileage  was  11  miles  to  the  gallon. 
The  gasoline  cost  20 j£  a  gallon.  One  quart  of  oil  was  used  each 
day,  and  this  cost  40  f£  a  gallon.  Breakfasts  averaged  25  j£, 
dinners  50^,  and  suppers  35  j£,  each,  respectively.  Lodgings 
averaged  $1  a  person  per  night.  Garage  bills  were  $1  a  night. 
Incidentals  amounted  to  $20.  (Count  expense  only  on  basis 
of  full  days.) 

From  the  above  data,  find  the  time  required  to  make  the 
trip,  the  total  cost,  and  the  average  cost  per  person.  Find 
the  cost  of  a  single  carfare  at  two  cents  a  mile. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

passenger          rates  en  route         Chicago  distance 

traveled  mileage          gasoline         respectively        lodgings 

garage  storage          specified        telegram  reserve 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Make  out  a  statement  of  expenses  for  supper,  lodging,  and 
breakfasts  for  the  entire  party. 

2.  Assume  that  the  party  is  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  July  2.  Write  a 
telegram  to  reserve  rooms  for  five  persons  for  the  night  at  Keeler's 
Hotel,  Albany,  N.Y. 

3.  Assume  that  you  are  one  of  the  party.   Write  to  a  friend  in 
Boston,  telling  of  your  arrival  at  Chicago. 


AUTOMOBILE  EXPENSES  103 

Lesson  93.  Automobile  Expenses 

Give  reasons  for  licensing  automobiles.  Name  some  conditions 
of  roads  detrimental  to  tires.  Give  the  name  of  some  low-priced 
automobile.  Locate  Detroit.  Name  a  railroad  leading  to  that  city. 
Name  an  important  fact  about  Detroit.  Locate  Cleveland.  Tell 
something  of  its  importance. 

Mr.  John  Adams  had  $1000  in  a  local  bank  (supply  name). 
He  bought  a  Ford  automobile,  paying  $625.  The  car  aver- 
aged 20  miles  to  a  gallon  of  gasoline.  He  ran  the  car  8560 
miles.  Gasoline  cost  him  2l£  a  gallon  for  the  first  250  gal. 
and  23^  a  gallon  for  the  remainder.  The  car  used  one  quart 
of  lubricating  oil  for  every  100  miles.  This  was  bought 
direct  of  the  Zone  Oil  Company,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  The  cost 
was  280  a  gallon,  delivered.  The  cost  for  one  tire,  bought  of 
the  Goodrich  Tire  Company,  Akron,  Ohio,  was  $12  less  10% 
for  cash.  The  Troy  Vulcanizing  Company,  Troy,  N.Y.,  did 
work  amounting  to  $14.50.  Incidentals  came  to  $68.77.  As- 
suming that  the  license  cost  $5  and  the  man's  board  cost 
him  $4.50  a  week,  what  should  he  have  had  in  the  bank  at 
the  end  of  twenty  weeks,  providing  he  had  no  income? 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

licensing  locate  important      remainder       vulcanizing 

conditions         leading         gasoline         mentioned       lubricating 
detrimental       local  income          incidentals       Cleveland 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  an  order  for  the  tire  mentioned  above. 

2.  Make  out  a  bill  for  the  tire. 

3.  Write  the  check  to  pay  for  the  tire. 

4.  Write  a  letter  to  the  oil  company  to  find  out  what  the  oil  will 
cost. 

5.  Write  the  letter  as  the  company  would  write  in  reply. 


104  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  94.  Insurance 

What  is  life  insurance?  What  is  its  object?  What  is  a  policy? 
Give  the  meaning  of  " endowment  policy."  What  is  the  premium? 
What  has  age  to  do  with  the  first  cost  of  insurance? 

On  the  first  day  of  the  year  a  man  having  a  family  decided 
to  have  his  life  insured.  Accordingly,  he  contracted  for  a 
twenty-payment  life  insurance  policy,  which  cost  him  $57 
a  year,  payable  in  advance.  According  to  the  terms  of  the 
contract,  at  the  end  of  twenty  years  he  can  draw  $1000  in 
cash  or  have  a  " paid-up"  policy  for  $2000  carried  for  life 
without  further  expense. 

Let  us  assume  that  he  will  draw  the  $1000  in  cash.  Find 
how  much  more  than  this  amount  he  will  have  paid  to  the 
company.  Allowing  4  per  cent  simple  interest  on  the  respec- 
tive payments  for  the  time  the  company  had  the  use  of  the 
money,  find  how  much  the  protection  actually  cost  the  man. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


insurance 

policy 

endowment 

premium 

decided 

contracted 

insured 

payment 

payable 

advance 

protection 

further 

expense 

company 

interest 

respective 

terms 

actually 

inform 

urging 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  a  letter  to  the  Fidelity  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany, Philadelphia,  Pa.,  enclosing  the  money  for  a  yearly  premium 
on  the  above  policy.   Use  your  own  name. 

2.  Assume  that  you  have  a  friend  who  is  about  to  take  insurance. 
Write  to  some  insurance  agent  to  inform  him  of  the  fact. 

3.  Write  a  letter  to  some  friend  urging  him  to  take  an  insurance 
policy. 

4.  Supplying  the  names,  write  a  check  to  pay  the  yearly  pre- 
mium on  the  above  policy. 


REAL  ESTATE   DEALING  105 

Lesson  95.  Real  Estate  Dealing 

Distinguish  between  real  estate  and  personal  property.  What  is 
an  insurance  policy?  Why  carry  insurance?  State  the  object  of 
drawing  money  from  the  bank  to  buy  real  estate.  Why  are  taxes 
necessary?  What  is  an  assessor? 

A  speculator  bought  a  two-family  house  and  lot  at  a  cost 
of  $4000.  He  had  the  house  insured  for  $3000,  the  rate  being 
1.3  per  cent  for  a  term  of  three  years.  Taxes  amounted  to 
2.5  per  cent  annually  on  the  valuation  of  the  property,  which 
was  assessed  at  full  purchase  value.  The  man  sold  the  prop- 
erty at  the  end  of  three  years  for  10  per  cent  more  than  he 
paid.  He  allowed  a  real  estate  broker  5  per  cent  for  making 
the  sale. 

During  the  second  year  the  house  was  repaired,  and  the 
following  expense  was  incurred:  papering,  $80;  14  gal.  of 
paint  at  $1.50  a  gallon  and  eight  days'  labor  at  $3  a  day.  Dur- 
ing the  first  year  the  first  floor  was  vacant  four  months.  It 
was  rented  the  remainder  of  the  time  until  sold.  The  rent 
for  the  first  floor  was  $18  a  month.  The  second  floor  was 
rented  the  entire  three  years  at  $16  a  month.  Find  the  result 
of  the  speculation. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


distinguish 

real 

estate 

personal 

property 

insurance 

taxes 

assessor 

speculator 

valuation 

annually 

rate 

assessed 

broker 

repaired 

speculation 

vacant 

incurred 

ordinary 

purchase 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Assume  that  the  two  flats  mentioned  above  are  to  be  rented. 
Using  a  local  name  and  address,  write  the  advertisement. 

2.  Using  local  names,  write  a  check  to  pay  the  insurance  on  the 
above  property. 

3.  Supplying  ordinary  names,  write  receipts  for  a  month's  rent. 


106  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  96.  Moving  Pictures 

Discuss  the  value  of  moving  pictures  from  an  educational  stand- 
point. Under  what  circumstances  might  the  moving-picture  show 
be  objectionable?  What  has  the  law  to  do  with  the  management 
of  moving-picture  shows? 

In  a  certain  moving-picture  house  there  is  a  seating  ca- 
pacity for  200  persons.  The  show  is  opened  at  one  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon  and  continues  until  ten  o'clock  at  night.  Ex- 
perience has  proved  that,  on  the  average,  75  per  cent  of  the 
seats  are  occupied  while  the  show  is  in  operation.  Moreover, 
there  is  an  entire  change  of  audience,  on  the  average,  every 
hour.  The  admission  is  5ff,  and  the  house  is  open  six  days 
in  the  week.  The  current  expenses  are  as  follows:  for  two 
ushers,  each  receiving  10^  an  hour;  one  ticket  agent  at  20^ 
an  hour;  paid  talent,  $1  an  hour  while  the  house  is  open;  gas, 
$3  a  week;  electricity,  $1.50  a  week;  a  film  operator,  $18  a 
week;  and  a  manager  at  50^  an  hour  while  the  house  is  open. 

If  the  cost  for  rent,  films,  and  incidentals  is  40  per  cent 
of  the  amount  taken  in  at  the  door,  find  the  proprietor's  net 
profits  for  a  week. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

circumstances      ushers        experience       capacity       educational 
management        talent         operation         current         continues 
objectionable        film  operator          occupied       proprietor 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  a  form  to  insert  in  a  newspaper,  advertising  some  mov- 
ing-picture show. 

2.  Assume  that  the  manager  of  a  local  moving-picture  house 
wishes  to  hire  a  film  operator.    Write  a  suitable  advertisement 
for  the  same. 

3.  Answer  the  above  advertisement. 


STREET  CARS  107 

Lesson  97.  Street  Cars 

How  does  an  electric  car  get  its  power?  What  is  the  duty  of  the 
conductor?  What  is  the  duty  of  an  inspector?  How  does  the  trac- 
tion company  get  its  right  to  use  the  streets  for  a  railway?  Name 
different  systems  of  collecting  fares.  Why  does  the  traction 
company  require  the  conductor  to  register  the  fares? 

A  certain  traction  company  has  a  line  on  which  20  cars 
each  make  a  round  trip  every  hour  from  six  o'clock  in  the 
morning  until  twelve  o'clock  at  night.  The  fare  is  5^  each 
way.  The  average  number  of  people,  exclusive  of  children 
who  ride  free,  riding  on  each  car  each  way  is  32.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  25  per  cent  of  this  number  ride  on  transfers. 
Assuming  that  the  conductor  and  the  motorman  each  receive 
27^  an  hour,  determine  how  much  the  cars  on  this  line  turn 
into  the  company's  treasury  each  day  after  paying  the  con- 
ductors and  motormen. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

electric  power  motorman  conductor  inspector 

traction  maintains  service  exclusive  estimated 

transfers  determine  treasury  certain  company 

conductor  injured  passenger  advised  inadequate 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  While  getting  off  a  car,  a  passenger  was  injured.  The  passenger 
was  advised  to  sue  the  company  for  damages.  Write  to  some  law- 
yer for  advice  in  the  matter.   Use  local  names. 

2.  Assuming  that  the  car  service  is  inadequate  on  a  certain  line, 
write  a  complaint  to  that  effect  to  the  mayor  of  your  city.     Sign 
your  own  name. 

3.  Write  a  short  newspaper  article  describing  a  street-car  acci- 
dent. 

4.  Assume  that  you  found  a  gold  watch  while  riding  on  a  car. 
Write  a  suitable  advertisement  for  the  same. 


108  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  98.  The  Autobus 

What  is  an  autobus?  What  advantage  has  it  over  the  electric 
car?  What  advantage  has  the  electric  car  over  the  autobus?  What 
is  a  company?  Name  one. 

A  company  was  formed  to  establish  an  autobus  line  be- 
tween two  cities  35  miles  apart.  The  plan  was  to  have  a  bus 
start  from  each  city  at  the  same  time  each  morning  and  after- 
noon. The  speed  was  to  be  an  average  of  7  miles  an  hour,  in- 
cluding all  stops.  Accordingly,  two  cars  were  bought  of  the 
Packard  Automobile  Company,  Detroit,  Mich.,  the  price 
being  $4000  each,  delivered.  The  license  cost  $5  a  car.  Two 
chauffeurs  were  hired  at  $18  a  week,  each.  The  company 
employed  two  conductors,  paying  them  $12  a  week,  respec- 
tively. A  business  manager  was  employed  at  $25  a  week. 
The  tire  mileage  was  5000  miles.  The  tires  cost  $60  each.  The 
season  began  May  15,  and  the  last  trip  was  made  October  9. 
The  bus  was  run  every  day.  The  average  amount  of  gas  used 
was  10  gal.  one  way  for  each  car.  One  half  gallon  of  oil  was 
used  in  each  car  one  way.  The  price  for  gasoline  was  18^  a 
gallon,  and  for  oil  30  j4.  Storage  and  washing  cost  $5  a  week 
for  each  car.  Incidentals  amounted  to  $300  for  the  season. 
The  fare  was  $2  a  round  trip  or  $1.50  one  way.  The  average 
fares  received  were  equal  to  10  round- trip  and  10  one-way 
fares  a  day  for  each  car.  Find  the  financial  standing  of  the 
company  at  the  close  of  the  season. 

FOR    SPELLING   AND    DEFINING 

autobus     chauffeurs       electric     establish      conductors    license 
gasoline     employed        storage     manager      statement      mileage 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Write  a  letter  ordering  the  cars.   Sign  your  own  name. 

2.  Make  out  a  statement  of  receipts  and  expenses  for  July. 


ITINERARY  109 

Lesson  99.  Itinerary 

Locate  Albany  and  New  York.  Tell  why  they  are  important. 
How  far  is  Albany  from  New  York?  Describe  two  routes  of  travel 
between  the  two  cities.  About  how  old  are  these  settlements? 

Mr.  James  Hull,  Albany,  N.Y.,  granted  his  son  the  privi- 
lege of  spending  the  Thanskgiving  vacation  in  New  York 
City,  agreeing  to  furnish  the  money  for  all  reasonable  ex- 
penses. The  New  York  Central  Railroad  offered  a  rate  for 
the  round  trip  equal  to  the  fare  one  way  plus  $1.  (The  regu- 
lar fare  one  way  is  $3.10.)  The  rate  for  a  sleeper  is  $1.25  one 
way.  The  son  left  Albany  Wednesday  night  at  eleven  o'clock 
and  returned  the  following  Saturday  evening  at  six  o'clock. 

The  cost  for  a  room  in  New  York  at  the  Hotel  McAlpin 
was  $1.50  a  night.  Breakfasts  were  taken  at  restaurants, 
at  an  average  cost  of  20^  a  meal.  Dinners  cost  50^,  and  sup- 
pers, 30 j£.  The  boy  spent  30^  a  day  carfare  on  the  elevated 
road  or  the  subway,  and  20^  a  day  on  surface  cars.  He  at- 
tended the  Hippodrome,  taking  a  $1  seat.  Admission  to  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  was  25^,  it  being  a  pay  day;  and  ad- 
mission to  Bronx  Park  was  free,  as  he  went  there  on  a  holi- 
day. Incidentals  amounted  to  $2.50.  Make  out  a  statement 
of  expenses  for  the  trip,  and  find  the  average  cost  per  day. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 

expenses    important    settlement    Hippodrome  matine*e   privilege 
locate        attended      reasonable    restaurants     museum  elevated 

BUSINESS   EXERCISES 

1.  The  son's  initials  are  E.  B.  H.   Make  out  the  check  from  the 
father  for  the  expenses.   Supply  the  name  of  a  local  bank. 

2.  Write  to  a  friend,  telling  of  the  trip. 

3.  Write  a  telegram  from  the  son  in  New  York  to  the  father, 
stating  the  time  of  arrival  at  Albany. 


110  VOCATIONAL  ARITHMETIC 

Lesson  100.  The  Excursion 

What  is  an  excursion?  State  ways  of  conducting  excursions. 
Why  are  excursion  rates  usually  less  than  regular  fares?  State  some 
disadvantages  in  traveling  on  excursions. 

A  certain  club,  wishing  to  procure  some  money  to  pay  a 
debt,  decided  to  conduct  an  excursion.  Accordingly,  ar- 
rangements were  made  with  a  steamboat  company,  whereby 
the  club  might  carry  out  such  a  proposition.  According  to  the 
terms  of  the  agreement,  the  club  was  to  guarantee  the  steam- 
boat company  $200  for  the  trip.  If,  however,  the  profits  from 
the  sale  of  tickets  and  refreshments  amounted  to  more  than 
$400,  the  company  was  to  have  50  per  cent  of  the  entire 
profits.  The  price  of  tickets  for  the  round  trip  was  $1  for 
adults  and  50^  for  children.  The  party  included  250  adults 
and  200  children.  The  privilege  of  selling  refreshments  was 
let  to  a  caterer  on  a  commission  basis.  The  club  was  to  have 
40  per  cent  of  the  profits  from  the  sale  of  refreshments.  The 
caterer  took  in  $180  from  such  sale.  His  expenses  were  $40. 
Find  how  much  the  club,  the  company,  and  the  caterer  each 
realized  from  the  excursion. 

FOR  SPELLING  AND  DEFINING 


excursion 
conduct 
guarantee 
caterer 

refreshments 
arrangements 
privilege 
proposition 

lares 
debt 
basis 
adults 

traveling 
procure 
included 
poster 

commission 
agreement 
conducting 
traveling 

BUSINESS  EXERCISES 

1.  Supplying  the  necessary  names,  write  to  a  steamboat  company 
for  terms  on  an  excursion. 

2.  Write  a  reply  to  the  above  communication. 

3.  Write  a  poster  for  advertising  an  excursion. 

4.  Write  a  brief  account  of  an  excursion  that  has  taken  place. 


LETTER  WRITING  AND  BUSINESS  FORMS 


111 


SPECIMENS    OF    LETTER    WRITING    AND 
BUSINESS  FORMS 


BILL 


THOMAS  BROWN 

NORTH    ADAMS,  MASS. 


SOLD  TO  Boston  &  Maine  Railroad 


May  1.  1014. 


1500  Railroad  Ties 
7000  ft.  of  Plank 


.50 
20.00 


750 
140 
890 


00 
00 
00 


112  LETTER  WRITING  AND  BUSINESS  FORMS 


NOTE 


Chicago.  111..  March  2.  1915 

Four  months  after  date,  I  promise  to  pay  Edward  Jones, 
or  bearer.  Five  Hundred  Dollars,  for  value  received. 

ioo' 


RECEIPT 


Burlington.  Vt..  July  6.  1914. 
Received  of  James  Dolan,  Twenty  Dollars,  on  account. 


CHECK 


BALTIMORE,  MD., 


OTTOMAN  NATIONAL  BANK 

PA>VTO     dth,fi¥'(3rrnfi>,*w  ~  -  ------       OR  OPDER  $ 

-%i.    -/.<..  '...~  _______  DOLUARS 


LETTER  WRITING  AND  BUSINESS  FORMS  113 

DUE  BILL 


Holyoke.  Mass..  Dec.  1.  1914. 

Due  John  Wager,  or  order,  on  demand.  Three  Hundred  Dol- 
lars. value  received. 


ORDER  FOR  MONEY 


Omaha.  Neb..  Oct.  8.  1914. 
Mr.  George  Franklin: 

Please  'pay  Joseph  Hayes,  or  order.  Twenty  Dollars,  on 
account. 


ADVERTISEMENT 

WANTED. — Experienced  Chauffeur.  Good  salary  to  the  right  man. 
Give  references  and  last  place  of  employment. 

Box  123,  Times  Office. 


114          LETTER  WRITING  AND  BUSINESS  FORMS 


APPLICATION    FOR   A   POSITION 


Pittsburgh,  Pa..  June  4.  1915. 
Messrs.  Hall  &  Hartwell, 

Columbus,  Ohio. 
Gentlemen: 

I  have  been  informed  that  you  are  in  need  of  an  office  boy. 
Please  consider  this  an  application  for  the  position. 

My  education  consists  of  a  full  Grammar  School  course,  and  I 
have  had  some  business  experience.   I  am  eighteen  years  of  age. 
I  shall  be  pleased  to  call  on  you  if  you  will  name  an  hour 
that  will  be  convenient  for  you. 

Yours  very  truly, 

Qi/YWU. 


LETTER   WRITING   AND  BUSINESS  FORMS  115 


LETTER  OF  RECOMMENDATION 


Atlanta,  Ga..  March  15.  1915. 

Mr.  George  Himes, 

City. 
Dear  Sir: 

It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  state  that  the  bearer  of  this 
letter.  Mr.  Walter  Miller,  who  has  been  in  my  employ  for  two 
years,  has  done  excellent  service.   His  ability  and  sincerity 
have  never  been  questioned. 

Because  of  poor  health,  I  have  been  forced  to  retire  from 
business.   This  accounts  for  the  fact  that  Mr.  Miller  is  without 
a  position  at  present.   You  certainly  can  make  no  mistake  in  en- 
gaging him  as  bookkeeper  in  your  office. 

Very  truly  yours. 


116          LETTER   WRITING  AND  BUSINESS  FORMS 


BUSINESS    LETTER 


Raleigh,  N.C..  Jan.  5.  1915. 
Messrs.  Cole  &  Cranston. 
Hartford.  Conn. 

Gentlemen: 

We  have  your  letter  of  the  5th  inst.,  in  which  you  ask  for 
a  catalogue  of  our  goods.   It  gives  us  great  pleasure  to  comply 
with  your  request  by  forwarding  the  catalogue  to  you  this  day. 
If  you  will  refer  to  page  30,  you  will  find  listed  there  the 
particular  goods  to  which  you  refer  in  your  last  letter. 

Trusting  that  we  may  have  an  order  from  you  in  the  near  fu- 
ture, we  remain. 

Respectfully  yours, 

BROWN  &  K I MB ALL. 

#.£. 

H.L./C. 


LETTER  WRITING  AND   BUSINESS  FORMS  117 


ORDER 


Bradford.  Vt.,  May  6.  1915, 
Smith  &  Co., 

Fairlee,  Vt. 
Gentlemen  : 

Please  send  me  at  once  the  following  articles  and  charge 
the  same  to  my  account:  six  boxes  of  rolled  oats,  three  bushels 
of  potatoes,  two  pecks  of  tomatoes,  and  two  dozen  ears  of  corn. 

Yours  truly. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT  OF  ORDER 


Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  6,  1915. 
Mr.  Frank  Worthy. 

Springfield,  Mass. 
Dear  Sir: 

This  will  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  valued  order  of 
the  5th  inst.   The  order  will  receive  prompt  attention,  and  the 
goods  will  go  forward  at  once. 

Thanking  you  for  your  continued  patronage,  we  are 

Yours  very  truly, 

MASON  &  DIXON. 


118          LETTER  WRITING  AND   BUSINESS  FORMS 


Oi 


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tt       M 

0)       W 


LETTER  WRITING  AND  BUSINESS  FORMS  119 


FRIENDLY    LETTER 


Racine.  Wis. 

August  20.  1914, 
My  dear  Cousin. 

Nothing  could  please  me  more  than  to  learn  that  you  intend 
to  enter  college  this  fall.  I  am  sure  you  will  never  regret  that 
you  have  come  to  this  decision.   One  can  little  afford  to  neg- 
lect his  education  in  these  days. 

We  are  all  well  at  present,  although  we  have  had  some  sick- 
ness in  the  family  during  the  past  few  months. 

Whenever  you  find  the  time,  I  should  be  glad  to  have  you 
make  me  a  visit.  I  am  sure  you  would  enjoy  spending  a  couple  of 
weeks  here. 

Sincerely  yours, 


120  LETTER   WRITING   AND   BUSINESS   FORMS 


FORMAL  INVITATION 


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LETTER   WRITING   AND   BUSINESS   FORMS  121 


ACCEPTANCE 


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122          LETTER  WRITING  AND   BUSINESS  FORMS 


ENVELOPE  ADDRESSED 


180 


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ACCOUNT  OF  A  SCHOOL  ENTERTAINMENT 

An  enthusiastic  meeting  of  the  Parent-Teacher  Association  of 
School  Three  was  held  last  evening  at  the  school  building.   The 
meeting  was  opened  with  victrola  selections  of  a  high  order. 
Principal  W.  C.  Smith  of  the  Central  School  gave  an  instructive 
talk  on  "Cumulative  Community  Cooperation."   A  musical  and  lit- 
erary program  followed.   The  principal  of  the  school  congratu- 
lated the  parents  and  teachers  on  the  success  of  the  meeting.  At 
the  conclusion  of  the  program,  refreshments  were  served. 


TABLES  123 


TABLES 


LENGTH 

12  inches  (in.)  =  i  foot  (ft.) 

3  feet  =  i  yard  (yd.) 
51  yards,  or  16^  feet  =  i  rod  (rd.) 
320  rods,  or  5280  feet  =  i  mile  (mi.) 

A  hand  =  4  in.;  sometimes  used  in  measuring  the  height  of  a  horse. 
A  fathom  =  6  f t. ;  used  in  measuring  depth  of  water. 
A  knot  =  1.15  mi.;  used  in  measuring  distances  at  sea. 


SURFACE 


144  square  inches  (sq.  in.)  = 

9  square  feet  = 

30  J  square  yards  = 

1 60  square  rods  = 

640  acres  = 


square  foot  (sq.  ft.) 
square  yard  (sq.  yd.) 
square  rod  (sq.  rd.) 
acre  (A.) 
square  mile  (sq.  mi.) 


A  section  =  1  square  mile. 

A  square  =100  square  feet  (of  roof  or  pavement) 


VOLUME 

1728  cubic  inches  (cu.  in.)  =  i  cubic  foot  (cu.  ft.) 
27  cubic  feet  =  i  cubic  yard  (cu.  yd.) 

A  cord  of  wood  =  128  cu.  ft.   It  is  usually  a  pile  8  ft.  long,  4  ft.  wide, 
and  4  ft.  high. 

A  load  of  earth  =  1  cu.  yd.  (approximately). 

AVOIRDUPOIS   WEIGHT 

16  ounces  (oz.)  =  i  pound  (Ib.) 
2000  pounds  =  i  ton  (T.) 

A  hundredweight  (cwt.)  =  100  Ib. 

A  long  ton  =  2240  Ib. ;  used  sometimes  for  material  in  which  there 
is  much  waste,  such  as  ores  from  mines. 


124  TABLES 

LIQUID   MEASURE 

4  gills  (gi.)  =  i  pint  (pt.) 

2  pints  =  i  quart  (qt.) 
4  quarts  =  i  gallon  (gal.) 

A  barrel  (bbl.)  =  31a  gal.          A  gallon  of  water  weighs  about  82  Ib. 
A  hogshead  =  63  gal.  A  cubic  foot  of  water  weighs  about  62i  Ib. 

i  gal.  =  231  cu.  in. 

DRY   MEASURE 

2  pints  (pt.)  =  i  quart  (qt.) 
8  quarts  =  i  peck  (pk.) 
4  pecks  =  i  bushel  (bu.) 

A  bushel  contains  2150.42  cu.  in.,  or  about  li  cu.  ft. 

TIME 

60  seconds  (sec.)  =  i  minute  (min.) 
60  minutes  =  i  hour  (hr.) 
24  hours  =  i  day  (da.) 
7  days  =  i  week  (wk.) 

365  days  =  i  common  year  (yr.) 

366  days  =  i  leap  year 

Months  having  31  days:  Jan.,  Mar.,  May,  July,  Aug.,  Oct.,  Dec. 
Months  having  30  days:  Apr.,  June,  Sept.,  Nov. 
A  solar  year  =  365  da.  5  hr.  48  min.  46  sec.,  or  365J  da. 
A  leap  year  =  a  centennial  year  divisible  by  400  or  any  other  year 
divisible  by  4. 

A  decade  =  10  yr.  A  century  =  100  yr. 

ANGLES   AND   ARCS 

60  seconds  (")  =  i  minute  (') 
60  minutes  =  i  degree  (°) 
360  degrees  =  i  circumference 

A  right  angle  =  90°.  An  acute  angle  is  less  than  90°. 

An  obtuse  angle  is  greater  than  90°. 

COUNTING 

12  units  =  i  dozen  (doz.) 
12  dozen  =  i  gross 
12  gross  =  i  great  gross 
A  score  is  20  things. 


ANSWERS 


LESSON 

1.  Carriage  Painting    $12.25; 

$3.06;  38£. 

2.  Harness  Making    $25;  $2.50; 

.3125. 

3.  Horseshoeing    $971.04. 

4.  Wagon  Making    $50.85;  $2.82. 

5.  Automobile  Overhauling 

Gained  $6.75. 

6.  Steam  Vulcanizing    $82.30. 

7.  Livery  Business    $2040.50; 

1  yr.  9  mo.  26  da. 

8.  Garage  Business    $416.50. 

9.  Automobile  Dealing    $715; 

$102.14. 

10.  Bicycle  Dealing    $808.80. 

11.  Express  Business    $800  count- 

ing 39  weeks. 

12.  Barber  Business  $71.40;  $17.  85; 

$2.97;  .85;  .1416. 

13.  Shoe  Shining    $1073;  $708. 

14.  The  Chinese  Laundry  $1216.14. 

15.  Grocery  Trade    $351.90. 

16.  Butchering    $444. 

17.  Ice  Business    $1825. 

18.  Spring  Water  Industry  $123.50. 

19.  Hotel  Business    $202. 

20.  The  Restaurant    $165.42. 

21.  Garbage  Collecting    $283. 

22.  Construction  Work    $1164. 


LESSON 

23.  Road  Building    $2438.39. 

24.  Stone  Quarrying    $4600. 

25.  Coal  Mining    64.22  days. 

26.  Coal  Dealing    $373.69. 

27.  Oil  Trade    $552;  $48. 

28.  Shirt  Industry    $313.50;  $2475. 

29.  Collar  Industry    $4875. 

30.  Clothing  Store    $4521.75. 

31.  Shoe  Trade    $2568. 

32.  Cabinet  Making    $7.20,  or  15£ 

an  hour;  60 £. 

33.  Wood  Sawing    $41.31. 

34.  Sawmilling    $119;  $2.12;  50^. 

35.  Cordwood  Industry    $312;  $2; 

$27. 

36.  Lumber  Industry    $5553. 

37.  Corn  Husking    $149.75. 

38.  Steam  Threshing    $619. 

39.  Hay  Pressing    $648;  $3.85. 

40.  Feed  Industry    $444. 

41.  Milk  Industry    $856. 

42.  Cheese  Making    $50.22;  $4 1.29. 

43.  Bread  Making    $6.30. 

44.  Farming    $192;  $2304. 

45.  Maple  Syrup  Industry    $11. 

46.  Truck  Gardening    $100. 

47.  Wheat  Raising    $322.40. 

48.  Corn  Raising    $169.04;  $21 1.30. 

49.  Potato  Raising    $62. 


126 


ANSWERS 


LESSON 

50.  Sugar  Beet  Industry    $436.50; 

$21.82. 

51.  Strawberry  Raising    $429.77. 

52.  Tea  Raising    $192.24. 

53.  Coffee  Raising    $592.79; 

roaster,  $938.60. 

54.  Fruit  Growing    $17.70. 

55.  Rice  Growing    $143.40. 

56.  Peanut  Raising    $388.50; 

gained  $72. 

57.  Poultry  Industry    $133.50. 

58.  Oyster  Industry    $3896.25. 

59.  Sheep  Raising    $29. 

60.  Hog  Raising    $267.40. 

61.  Stock  Raising    $219.40  loss. 

62.  Cotton  Raising    $5.55  gain. 

63.  Silk  Industry    96  trees;  $16.61. 

64.  Rubber  Industry    $1296;  $8.31. 

65.  Photography    $27.55;  18fc  15 

pictures. 

66.  Dentistry    $3802. 

67.  The  Doctor     $1177.80. 

68.  The  Musician    $468. 

69.  Value  of  a  School  Day    $9.19. 

70.  School  Woodworking    $1.50; 

20;  6  weeks. 

71.  School  Gardening    $1.30. 

72.  Purchase  of  a  School  Victrola 

132  persons;  10£. 

73.  The  Athletic  League    $90.33. 

74.  Elson  Picture  Exhibition 

$331.20;  $22.08. 

75.  Securing  a  School  Position 

$1360.50. 


LESSON 

76.  School  Financing     $40.03; 

$219;  27+;  $1096.66;  $6.02. 

77.  College  Financing    $25. 

78.  Church  Financing    $56 

79.  Barn  Building— 10,152   ft.; 

$253.80;  7940ft.;  $238.20; 
$115.50;  $607.50;  21,392  ft.; 
$1049.  50;  $150.50  gained. 

80.  House  Building    $4784.93. 

81.  Concrete  and  Brick  Work 

$30.94. 

82.  Steel  Roofing    $262.50;  $75. 

83.  Plumbing    $84.50. 

84.  House  Lighting    $19.83. 

85.  House  Heating    $158.83. 

86.  Papering    $87.90. 

87.  House  Furnishing    $176.60. 

88.  Landscape  Gardening  $345.70. 

89.  Living  Expenses    $167.50. 

90.  The  Banquet    $22.02;  31  £. 

91.  The  Reception  $15;  192; 

$1.20. 

92.  Motoring  11  days;  $166.40; 

$33.28;  $20.68. 

93.  Automobile  Expenses  $86.50. 

94.  Insurance    $140;  $618.80. 

95.  Real  Estate  Dealing    $868. 

96.  Moving  Pictures    $117.90. 

97.  StreetCars    $669.60. 

98.  The  Autobus    $2121.60  in 

debt. 

99.  Itinerary    $5.43. 

100.  The  Excursion    $203;   $203; 


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